Create A Brochure In Photoshop

Use standard paper to create a brochure.

Even if you are not a professional graphic designer, it is easy to create a simple and effective brochure to advertise your business. Use the powerful design tools of Photoshop, an image editing software from Adobe, and a simple sheet of letter- size paper folded in half to promote your newest product or an upcoming sale.

After you decide on your design layout, gather images and graphics, and write your advertising copy, sit down at your computer to get started creating your Photoshop brochure. Since each Photoshop file is set up as a one page document, you will need to create two documents-an inside and an outside. These documents will then be printed back to back to create your two-sided brochure.

Although the tri-fold brochure is a popular format for professional printing, a half-fold brochure uses a less complicated layout which allows for more efficiency when using a desktop laser or inkjet printer to produce your flyers

Instructions

Set up your document files

1. Go to the file tab on the main menu and create a new document. Set your document preferences to 11 inches wide by 8.5 inches tall with a resolution of 300 pixels per inch, CMYK color mode and a transparent background. When first printed, the document will be wider than it is tall (this is called landscape-oriented in printers terms), but when folded in half vertically, the finished brochure will measure 8.5" tall and 5.5" wide.

2. Go to the "Photoshop" tab, open the "Preferences" tab and set your ruler preferences to "inches."

3. Create a centerpoint guide for your document by pointing your mouse to the left side of your document window where the ruler lines are visible. Click and hold your mouse, dragging the arrow to the 5.5" ruler mark along the top of the document window. The new vertical guide will serve as the location for your fold.

4. Save your new document as "Brochure Inside."

5. Repeat steps 1 to 3 to create a new document for the outside of the brochure.

6. Save your new document as "Brochure Outside."

Create the Brochure

7. Drag and drop an image (jpg, tif, eps, psd, or ai file) into your background layer. This will serve as the main background for the inside of your brochure. Place images in the corners of your document and reserve space at the top and in the center of each side for your headline and text.

8. Go to the "Window" tab and make sure that the "Layer" tab is open and visible.

9. Go to the "Layer" tab and scroll down to choose "New Layer." Save new layer as "Headline."

10. Use the "T" or Text tool to write your headline.

11. Repeat steps 2 through 4. Use separate layers for each different element in your page design, including sub-headlines, informational paragraphs and any additional graphics such as circles, arrows, company logo and relevant images.

12. Name each layer according to its contents.

13. Each layer in a Photoshop document is stacked one on top of the other from the background to the last layer. If you want to place an image of a cloud behind your headline, activate the cloud layer by clicking on it in the layers palate. Drag it until the area below your headline layer is highlighted and drop the image layer. Your cloud image will now appear behind your headline text.

14. To position the cloud elsewhere on the page, make sure the cloud layer is still active in your layer palate. Then use the arrow tool to click on the image of the cloud in the document window and drag the image to the appropriate position.

15. Repeat these steps as necessary for all the elements of your design until you reach the desired effect.

16. Save your document.

17.Repeat steps 1 to 10 for the outside of your brochure.

Tags: your document, your headline, document window, Repeat steps, Save your

Breast Feeding With Staph Infection

Many women experience infection of some kind while breast-feeding their babies. Staph infections are extremely painful and uncomfortable and should be treated by a doctor. Normally, breast-feeding can continue as usual.

Identification

Staph infections are actually quite common and usually do not cause severe problems. In nursing mothers, staph infections can sometimes cause cracked and sore nipples.

Misconceptions

Not all breast infections are caused by staph. Fungal infections are another common cause of breast tenderness, cracking of nipples or infection.

A staph infection does not require weaning. Most antibiotics are safe to take while breast-feeding. Consult with your doctor to determine whether you can continue breast-feeding as normal.

Staph infection cannot be passed through milk. However, the bacteria is contagious, and your baby should not be exposed to contaminated bedding or any other contagious source.

Treatment

Staph infections are treated with antibiotics. Although many staph infections respond to methicillin, fewer than 10 percent react to penicillin. Additionally, stronger strains of staph have developed. They are known as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In these circumstances, vancomycin is usually prescribed.

Prevention/Solution

Staph infections can be prevented by practicing good hygiene. This is especially important for breast-feeding mothers. Be sure to change bras frequently, particularly if you have cracked nipples. Any open wounds should be cleaned and covered. Wash hands frequently, particularly after touching affected areas.

Warning

Regular checkups are important, particularly for breast-feeding mothers with staph infections. Lack of care could result in breast abscess, which may require surgery. Additionally, be sure to monitor your baby for any signs of staph. If you are using a breast pump to store milk, be sure to sanitize all equipment, so the infection is not passed on to baby.

Tags: Staph infections, breast-feeding mothers, frequently particularly, while breast-feeding, your baby

What Is Xeloda

Xeloda is an oral chemotherapy medication manufactured by Roche Laboratories that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat metastatic breast cancer, metastatic colon cancer and Dukes' C Stage III colon cancer. Patients prescribed Xeloda take these tablets in hopes of combating their advanced cancer, according to the manufacturer's website.

Metastatic Cancer

Metastatic breast cancer means that the cancer originated in the breast but has since spread to other areas of the body, according to the Xeloda manufacturer's website. This is the same case with metastatic colon cancer or any other cancer established as metastatic.

Xeloda Basics

Xeloda is chemically known as capecitabine and is used for metastatic breast and colon cancers as well as Dukes' C Stage III colon cancer after any required surgeries are performed, according to the manufacturer's website. When the medication is taken in pill form, Xeloda turns into a substance called 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Medical science has proven that 5-FU alleviates and even cures cancer cells in some patients, according to the manufacturer's website.

Common Side Effects

A number of side effects can result from Xeloda treatment, but most usually do not require the attention of a doctor. Some of the side effects reported on the manufacturer's website include pain, swelling or redness of the hands and feet, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, sores in the mouth, rash, constipation, loss of appetite, and dehydration. If side effects become severe and hinder daily activities, your doctor may need to adjust your Xeloda dosage.

Warning

Women who are breast feeding or pregnant should not take Xeloda, according to the manufacturer's website. In addition, those who are older than 80 or have heart problems may suffer more side effects from using Xeloda as their oral chemotherapy. Some cancers or health conditions may require periodic lab visits even though Xeloda is considered a more at-home alternative than intravenous chemotherapy, and additional drugs may be ordered by your physician. Xeloda is not a guaranteed cancer cure.

Cost

As of 2009, Xeloda comes in two dosages--150mg and 500mg. Most insurance companies, including Medicare, will cover most or all of Xeloda treatment costs. Patient assistance programs sponsored by Roche are also available for those who meet certain income guidelines. The approximate cost of 60 150mg Xeloda pills is about $410 as of 2009, and the cost for 60 500mg tablets is about $1,325.

Tags: manufacturer website, according manufacturer, according manufacturer website, colon cancer, breast cancer, Dukes Stage

Can Cancer Be Detected In A Basic Cbc Blood Test

Can Cancer Be Detected in a Basic CBC Blood Test?

A CBC (complete blood count) test is a series of tests that examines the health of various blood components. The test has many diagnostic purposes. It does not directly detect the presence of cancer in the body, but a CBC test can reveal blood abnormalities that may indicate the presence of certain cancers.

The Facts

According to the peer-reviewed service Lab Tests Online, a CBC test includes an analysis of all aspects of blood health, including the overall number of white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin. The test also determines the amount of red blood cells in a given volume of blood, a measurement called hematocrit.

Low Red Blood Cells

A low red blood cell count or hematocrit points to the presence of anemia (lack of healthy red blood cells), according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine. In some cases, anemia indicates the development of leukemia or the bone marrow cancer multiple myeloma.

Excess White Blood Cells

Excessive production of white blood cells (leukocytosis) may also reveal the presence of leukemia.

Low Platelets

Additionally, decreased numbers of platelets--which help give blood its clotting abilities--may be a sign of leukemia, according to Lab Tests Online.

Considerations

Abnormal test results in the categories listed above may also indicate a number of other ailments, including malnutrition, infection, inflammatory disease and genetic disorders.

Tags: blood cells, white blood cells, Basic Blood, Basic Blood Test, blood cells, Blood Test

What Is A Hypoechogenic Thyroid Lesion

The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck.

The thyroid is a gland in the lower neck that regulates heart rate, blood pressure and food-to-energy conversion by making and secreting certain hormones. These hormones are important for cell growth and chemical reactions within the body. Several things can alter the productivity and effectiveness of this gland, including hypoechogenic thyroid lesions. Giving these specific lesions swift medical attention is essential to your health.

Nodules or Lesions

A thyroid nodule or lesion is typically a small fluid-filled or hardened lump which forms in the thyroid. Lesions are usually too small to notice without a doctor's examination, but in some cases, they may become so large that they are visible to the naked eye or obstruct the windpipe. These nodules are rarely cancerous, but a fast-growing lesion may be a sign of malignancy. To test for cancer, a doctor will commonly order an ultrasound of a thyroid lesion which determines the echogenicity of the nodule. A nodule can be hypoechogenic, hyperechogenic or normal (normoechogenic).

Ultrasound

The ultrasound test is painless and usually takes only around 10 minutes. A doctor rubs lubricant jelly on the neck and passes a transducer over the nodule. The ultrasound sends sound waves through the skin, which then bounce back to the transducer and create an image of the lesion. This test is performed to determine whether the lesion is hyperechogenic, hypoechogenic or neither. The echogenicity of the thyroid refers to the number of sound waves that are reflected back to the transducer compared to the number of waves reflected back by other structures in the neck.

Echogenicity

The thyroid gland is usually more echo-dense than the tissues and structures surrounding it because it contains iodine. If the thyroid nodule sends back fewer waves than nearby structures, it is hypoechogenic. If it sends back more waves, it is hyperechogenic. Because thyroid lesions are so rarely cancerous, both hypoechogenic and hyperechogenic results usually turn out to be benign, but a hypoechogenic result can mean a greater possibility of complications.

Hypoechogenicity and Hypothyroidism

In a study by Kuma Hospital in Japan, doctors discovered that patients with hypoechogenic thyroid lesions are six times more likely to develop hypothyroidism than people with hyper or normoechogenic lesions. Hypothyroidism is the medical term for an underactive thyroid, which can cause dangerous health problems, such as obesity and heart disease, if left untreated. Patients with hypothyroidism may feel sluggish, constipated, have a pale pallor, or experience muscle aches, heavy menstrual periods and depression. Advanced hypothyroidism is referred to as myxedema and may be life-threatening.

Thyroid Cancer

Doctors have found a higher incidence---about 26 percent---of malignancy in hypoechogenic nodules than in hyperechogenic ones. However, while hypoechogenicity is cause for more alarm, the ultrasound is not necessarily an accurate diagnostic tool for cancer. Doctors will typically order more tests of hypoechogenic lesions to get clear results. One such test is the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, in which a doctor removes a sample of cells from the hypoechogenic lesion and sends it to a lab for cancer testing.

Tags: thyroid gland, thyroid lesions, back transducer, hypoechogenic hyperechogenic, hypoechogenic thyroid

Rn Programs In The Kansas City Area

RN programs in Kansas City will prepare students for a career in the health-care industry.

An RN program will prepare a student for a career in the health-care industry. Health care is recession proof, and nursing is one of the most stable careers. A conventional RN program will provide nursing students with hands-on settings in hospitals and clinics, as well as the knowledge and education to be successful in those settings. For students interested in living in the Midwest, there are several RN programs in the Kansas City area.

Johnson County Community College

The RN program at Johnson County Community College is accredited by the Kansas State Board of Nursing and the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission. Prerequisites for the nursing program at Johnson County Community College are Principles of Chemistry and Intermediate Algebra. A student in the RN program at Johnson County Community College can expect to take courses such as Human Anatomy and Physiology, Introduction to Psychology and Foundations of Nursing their first semester in the program. After completion of the program, students can rely on the Student Career Services Center to aid in career counseling and placement.

Johnson County Community College

12345 College Blvd.

Overland Park, KS 66210-1299

913-469-8500

jccc.edu

UMKC School of Nursing

The School of Nursing at the University of Missouri Kansas City is a research-heavy program. Programs of research at the school include muscle fatigue and aging, prenatal programming of adult disease, effects of exercise on cardiovascular health, end-of-life palliative care, the cultural context of cancer care and HIV violence prevention in underserved populations. Students admitted to the nursing program at UMKC will have hands-on experience with these research areas. UMKC offers financial aid as well as career counseling and placement services.

UMKC School of Nursing

2464 Charlotte

Kansas City, MO 64108

816-235-1700

nursing.umkc.edu

Brown Mackie College

Admission to the nursing program at Brown Mackie College, an RN program in the Kansas City area, will offer education in the areas of medications, science, medical record keeping and patient care. Brown Mackie College offers financial aid to students on a need basis. Financial aid counselors will sit with inquiring students to look at available grants and loans by assessing the student's needs. Admission to the school requires a process of providing official documentation from high school or college the student is transferring from. Apart from transcripts and official documentation, admissions counselors also take into consideration the career interests and previous experiences of the student. The college also offers career placement services.

Brown Mackie College

9705 Lenexa Drive

Lenexa, KS

913-768-1900

brownmackie.edu

Tags: Kansas City, Community College, County Community, County Community College, Johnson County

Help Applicants Register For Medicare In California

Find out if you qualify for Medicare.

Registering for Medicare in California is the same as in all states. You can assist an applicant in registering for Social Security benefits. The Social Security Administration's website offers valuable information to assist you in the process. When helping an applicant complete an Medicare application, you must provide identifying information about the applicant, so be sure to have him nearby or have a way of contacting him.

Instructions

1. Explain that Medicare has four parts. For example, Medicare Part A covers hospital, skilled nursing facility, home health care and hospice care, and Medicare Part B, covers doctor, outpatient hospital care and other medical services. Frequently, enrollees do not have to pay for Medicare Part A; however, Medicare Part B is typically a fee-based program.

2. Have the applicant register within the initial enrollment period. The enrollment period for Parts A and B is seven months, starting three months before an applicant qualifies for eligibility, according to California Health Advocates. An application qualifies for Medicare benefits at the age of 65 years old.

3. Complete a Medicare Benefit Application (see Resources). Instruct the applicant to have her Social Security card handy if she does not know the number by memory.

Select the option, "I am helping someone who wants to apply for benefits and is with me." Complete the Medicare Benefits Application with the applicant's full legal name, date of birth and contact information, and list any known disabilities.

4. Help a blind or visually impaired applicant by navigating the Social Security Administration (SSA) website or setting up assistive technologies such as screen readers or screen magnifiers, if you cannot perform these duties yourself. The SSA recommends screen readers such as JAWS, Supernova and Window-Eyes.

5. Contact a local Social Security Administration office if the applicant has questions you cannot answer. A Social Security Administration District office is available in Sacramento, California. Locate additional offices on the Social Security Administration's website.

Social Security Administration District

8351 Folsom Blvd

Sacramento, CA 95826

916-381-9410

6. Submit your Benefit Application electronically. Once you reach the Submit tab on your electronic Benefit Application, the system will direct you to submit your application for review. Provide an electronic signature and date your applciation at this time.

Proceed to the Next Steps tab for further instructions on follow-up on the status of your application.

Tags: Social Security, Security Administration, Social Security Administration, Medicare Part, Administration website, Benefit Application

Difference Between Radial & Axial Fuses

Fuses are the last line of defense in an electrical circuit that draws too much current. When the current reaches the rated level, the fuse opens and the current flow stops. A fuse can be described by its physical characteristics, voltage rating and current threshold. Axial and radial are terms that help describe the physical characteristics of a fuse.

Radial Fuses

Merriam Webster defines radial as "arranged or having parts arranged like rays." This also describes the radial fuse. The two leads of the fuse come out almost parallel from the fuse element. The leads appear to be radiating from the center of the fuse.

Axial Fuses

Merriam Webster defines axial as "of, relating to, or having the characteristics of an axis." This also defines the visual characteristics of an axial fuse, where the leads come straight out each end. The axial fuse leads come out on the fuse on the same axis.

Radial and Axial Applications

Applications for radial fuses tend to be associated with printed circuit boards. They can be installed by machine and occupy a small amount of real estate. Axial fuses tend to be used in applications where replacing the fuse is anticipated, and access is important.

Tags: axial fuse, fuse leads, Fuses Merriam, Fuses Merriam Webster, fuses tend

Know If You Have Beast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in American women. While it is currently the leading cause of death in women aged 45 to 55 years in America, advancements in cancer technologies and treatments have greatly reduced the mortality rate. Early detection of breast cancer is essential. Knowing if you have breast cancer is ultimately a diagnosis for your doctor to make, but by regularly performing an at-home self-examination of your breasts, you can possibly detect early signs and symptoms of breast cancer.

Instructions

1. Lie down on a comfortable surface, such as a bed, and put your right arm directly behind your head. Your hand should be cupping the back of your head.

2. With the pads of the 3 middle fingers of your left hand, move your fingers in a circular motion over your right breast to feel the tissue under the skin. The American Cancer Society suggests pressing at 3 different levels of pressure so that you can feel the entire breast. In the first circular motion, press lightly and feel the top level of tissue. The second time, press more firmly to feel the middle part of the tissue. And finally, press the most firmly so that you can feel the lower part of the breast tissue. Using this circular motion, press at all 3 levels at one spot on the breast before moving on to another spot.

3. Starting at the top of your breast near your collar bone, and move down vertically until you no longer feel your breast tissue, only your ribs. Then, move back up to the top. This up and down motion will ensure that you don't miss examining any part of the breast.

4. Lower your right arm and raise your left arm behind your head. Repeat these steps with the left breast, using your right fingers to examine the tissue in the same manner as the opposite breast.

5. Stand in front of a mirror and look at your breasts and nipples carefully. Look for the following: a change in the size or shape of the breast, a nipple that is turned toward the inside of the breast, or whether the skin, nipple, or areola is red, swollen or scaled. Any of these many be signs of breast cancer.

Tags: your right, breast cancer, circular motion, your head, behind your, behind your head, breast tissue

Pitch A Column To A Women'S Magazine

If you've always wanted to be a writer, but didn't know where to begin, writing a column for a women's magazine is a great place to start. Writing a column can be a lucrative and enjoyable way to earn a living, and could even lead to a book deal! Many published authors got their start in just this way.

Instructions

1. Study women's magazines to determine which one would be the best fit for your column. Many writers get rejected because they submit their material to magazines with the wrong audience. Pitch to smaller publications first, and then work your way up to the bigger magazines.

2. Develop a tough skin and learn to deal with rejection. It can take many months of frustration and piles of rejection letters before a women's magazine agrees to publish your column.

3. Write your query letter carefully and make sure it stands out. Sell your idea by pointing out what makes your column unique and why it will appeal to that particular magazine's readers.

4. Determine who you should send your pitch to. Look at the publisher's information page in the front of the magazine and find the appropriate editor.

5. Send your query email as plain text in the body of your email with no attachments, as most editors will not open attachments from people who they don't know. Make sure your email subject line is clear and contains some reference to the subject of your pitch.

Tags: your column, women magazine, your email, your pitch, your query

Remove Moles Forever

There is no need to have an unsightly mole on your face.

Moles on the skin can be bothersome and unattractive. If you want to have a mole removed permanently, you have a variety of options, including laser therapy, excision and removal with a topical cream. Depending on the type of mole, your doctor can advise you on the best method for removal. Mole removal is generally not covered by insurance companies if it's done for cosmetic reasons. If the removal of a mole is medically warranted, your health insurance may cover it.

Instructions

Laser Treatment

1. Visit your doctor and have him examine the mole that you want to have removed. Let your doctor determine whether a biopsy of the mole is needed, which may be the case if the mole has changed in shape, size and color, which could indicate the mole is cancerous.

2. Ask your doctor for a referral to a dermatologist or compare local dermatologist for the most favorable price. Moles No More states that one mole laser removal treatment can cost $50 or more depending on your location.

3. Allow the dermatologist to administer a local anesthetic to the area where the mole is located. If the dermatologist determines that the pain will be minimal (the equivalent of snapping of an elastic band against your skin), he will not apply a local anesthetic.

4. Relax as the dermatologist starts burning off the mole by targeting it with a mild-intensity laser. Expect the treated skin to scab and look brown or red as it heals in the days after the treatment. According to Moles No More, most moles will require three treatments to be removed completely. The final treatment will result in a darker mole, but the mole should fall off within a week.

5. Keep your treated skin out of the sun after the treatment because sun exposure can interfere with the healing process. Apply sunscreen with SPF for up to six weeks after the procedure if you go outside.

Surgery

6. Allow the surgeon to clean the area and administer a local anesthetic.

7. Relax as the surgeon uses a scalpel to cut out the mole and some of the tissue around and underneath the mole.

8. Sit still as the surgeon applies stitches to the wound. The stitches will dissolve over time and the wound will heal leaving a minimal scar. Surgery is often used in cases where the mole might be cancerous. A biopsy of the tissue will be done once the mole is removed.

Mole-Removal Cream

9. Visit your doctor to make sure the mole is not cancerous.

10. Clean the area to be treated with hydrogen peroxide.

11. Scratch the area with a pumice stone. Scratching the mole exfoliates the skin, allowing it to better absorb the mole-removal product.

12. Apply a mole-removal cream according to the package instructions. You may experience a stinging feeling because the skin is very sensitive due to the exfoliation.

13. Cover the area with a Band-Aid and wait approximately 48 hours for a scab to form. The mole will fall off the skin within approximately 10 days. Any redness on the skin will disappear within 30 days.

Tags: your doctor, local anesthetic, administer local, administer local anesthetic, after treatment, anesthetic Relax

Cataract Surgery Recovery & Alcohol Use

You have had, or are contemplating having, surgery to remove a cataract in your eye, and you want to ensure optimum conditions for your recovery following surgery. Alcohol abuse can be a factor both in creating your cataract and increasing your risk of infection after surgery.

What is a Cataract?

A cataract is a loss of transparency and a thickening in the lens of one, and often both, of your eyes that makes your vision become dim, clouded, blurry and/or dark. You may also experience double vision, see 'halos' around lights and have poor night vision. A 'hard cataract', the most common, has a hard nucleus or center and is diagnosed most often in the elderly. A 'soft cataract' has a soft nucleus and can develop at any age, but occurs more often in the young.

What Causes a Cataract?

Causes of cataracts include aging, congenital disorders, trauma, diabetes and intense ultra violet ray exposure. Smoking and alcohol abuse can contribute to cataracts.

The American Optometric Association reports that a study done in South East London by the Department of Ophthalmology, King's College Hospital, London, indicates there is an observable increase in cataract formation in heavy drinkers.

How is a Cataract Treated?

Cataracts usually grow slowly and need long monitoring, sometimes for years, by an ophthalmologist. Surgery, which involves replacing the lens that has the cataract with an artificial lens, is usually done when vision loss significantly affects everyday activities.

Post-Operative Infection

Post-op infection is a major risk after surgery. You must keep your eye clean and use all prescribed medications (usually eyedrops) to help lessen the risk of infection.

The Effect of Alcohol Abuse on Post-Op Infection

Studies done by the University of Berlin's Charite Hospital in 2005 show that drinking even moderate amounts of alcohol can weaken your immune system.

A weakened immune system increases the likelihood of post-op infection after any surgery, so staying away from alcohol following cataract surgery will be helpful to your recovery. Heavy drinking adds to the risk of post-op infection.

Tags: after surgery, immune system, infection after, infection after surgery, post-op infection, risk infection, your recovery

Why Your Pregnant Dog Has A Discharge

Transparent discharge is normal for a healthy dog.

It is normal for pregnant dogs to have some clear jelly-like vaginal discharge early throughout the pregnancy. First the discharge is to help form a mucus plug to protect the puppies, but then it comes out before labor.

Fun Fact

A transparent, odor-free discharge means that the dog is pregnant and forming a mucus plug. This is one way to diagnose pregnancy in a dog as soon as two weeks after breeding, according to PetEducation.com.

Dilation

One week or less before labor begins, the mucus plug will come out of the dog's vagina in order to widen the cervix. This may look like a long ball of ear wax or like long strings of mucus streaked with blood, according to Dog Breed Info Center.

Labor

While in labor, yellow discharge comes before the puppy because the membranes around the puppy burst open. Sometimes a green fluid will come out as well, which is filled with the puppy's stools while in the placenta, but normally green discharges comes out after the puppy.

Warning

If it's been three to five weeks after breeding and there's a foul smelling, pus-filled or very bloody vaginal discharge, she could have a potentially lethal infection of her uterus called draining pyometra, according to "The Veterinarians' Guide to Your Dog's Symptoms."

Misconception

All throughout the dog's pregnancy, some light pink discharge is normal but may be mistaken for pyometra or abortion, according to Hilltop Animal Hospital. When in doubt, check with a vet.

Tags: mucus plug, after breeding, before labor, comes before, discharge normal

Early Breast Cancer Symptoms

Because the early onset of breast cancer often doesn't display symptoms or cause pain, it's important for women aged 40 and older to get a mammogram every 1 to 2 years, according to the National Cancer Institute. Besides doing a monthly breast exam, women who have a history of breast cancer in their family should be especially vigilant about possible symptoms.

Underarm Lump

Swollen lymph nodes under the arm can appear as a lump in the armpit.

Breast Lump

A lump in any area of the breast, no matter how small, can be a sign of cancer.

Sensitivity

Although breast tenderness is a normal symptom when menstruating, if it occurs at any other time of the month, it should be checked out promptly.

Discharge

The nipple may discharge a fluid that is either bloody, clear, or an unusual color.

Skin

The skin's appearance can take on a marbled texture, become scaly or develop a red, pitted look.

Shape

Any change in the shape of the breast, like flattening, swelling or dimpling is a symptom.

Nipple Deformity

Nipples that become dimpled or inverted are warning signs of early breast cancer.

Tags: breast cancer

What Master'S Degree Do You Need To Be An Astronomer

Astronomers conduct research about the sun, stars and planets.

Astronomers carry out research to learn about the universe. The Bureau of Labor Statistics notes that astronomy can be considered as a subspecialty of physics. A doctoral degree is the standard requirement for employment as an astronomer; a master's degree is suitable for those seeking support positions in the field, according to the National Optical Astronomy Observatory.

Educational Requirements

The BLS notes that individuals pursuing careers as astronomers usually hold a Ph.D. in astronomy or physics. With a master's degree, you may qualify for a job as applied research. The BLS observes that many astronomers hold faculty positions for which a Ph.D. is a prerequisite. Majoring in physics or astronomy as an undergraduate is advised for those who wish to apply to Ph.D. programs in astronomy.

Training

There are approximately 75 universities in the U.S. that award degrees in astronomy; 40 of those are home to Ph.D. programs in astronomy, according to the BLS. Students in a master's program are required to complete a research project and thesis after taking required courses in astronomy and physics. At the doctoral level, coursework covers topics such as cosmology, modern astronomy and astronomical instrumentation. Ph.D. candidates submit a dissertation and must pass qualifying examinations to receive the doctoral degree in astronomy.

Admissions

While admissions requirements for graduate programs in astronomy may vary by institution, prospective students can better their chances of admission by taking upper-level classes in physics and astronomy as undergraduates. At the University of Texas at Austin, applicants are advised to take undergraduate courses in mechanics, physics and quantum mechanics. They are also required to take a standardized physics test and submit transcripts and recommendations. Research experience is also beneficial for prospective applicants to graduate astronomy programs.

Career Outlook

The BLS notes that employment for astronomers is expected to grow by about 16 percent through the year 2018; this is largely due to planned increases in federal spending for astronomy research. Job prospects for astronomers will primarily be in academia or in government, according to the BLS. With respect to salary, the median annual wage for astronomers was $101,300 in May 2008. The BLS states that many astronomers start out in postdoctoral positions, where they earn a modest salary -- in the mid-$30s according to the National Optical Astronomy Observatories -- while strengthening their research skills.

Tags: notes that, programs astronomy, according National, according National Optical, astronomy physics

View Bcc In Microsoft Outlook

View BCC on Microsoft Outlook.

Blind Carbon Copy (BCC) is a function on most email applications. It allows you to send email to contacts without others being able to view them as a recipient of the message. This is helpful if you need to keep someone abreast of a situation in the office without other recipients knowing it. Microsoft Outlook has a BCC feature, but you need to activate it to use it.

Instructions

Outlook 2002 or 2003

1. Open Outlook by double-clicking the icon on your desktop.

2. Open a new message.

3. Hit "View" in the main menu bar. Scroll down and hit "Bcc Field." If you do not see "Bcc Field" as an option in the View menu, double-click on "View," and you will see the full menu. "Bcc Field" should be in that menu.

4. View the BCC field on the new message.

Outlook 2007

5. Open Outlook by double-clicking its icon on your desktop.

6. Open a new message.

7. Click the "Options" tab along the top of the Outlook interface.

8. Hit the "Show Bcc" button.

9. View the BCC field on the new message.

Tags: Microsoft Outlook, your desktop Open, desktop Open, desktop Open message, double-clicking icon

Cons Of Supply Side Economics

Supply-side economics is one side of a debate in macroeconomics over which policies create the most growth. Proponents of supply-side economics believe that governments should remove barriers to production by lowering taxes and decreasing regulation. It is also referred to as Reaganomics because it was espoused by President Ronald Reagan or as trickle-down economics because opponents claim that it primarily benefits the wealthy.

Deficits

One of the early claims made by supporters of supply-side economics was that a higher tax rate does not necessarily lead to higher tax revenues. They believed that lowering the tax rate could actually increase the amount of money brought in by taxes, because the lower taxes would create economic growth. The government would take a smaller piece of the pie, but the whole pie would be bigger. In practice, the supply-side policies of the Reagan administration resulted in a decrease in government revenue. A decrease in tax revenue leads either to deficits or to the reduction of government services.

Income Inequality

Opponents argue that supply-side economics increases the disparity between the rich and the poor. Supply-side economics generally supports lowering income taxes and capital-gains taxes. The primary beneficiaries of such a change are those with the highest incomes. Even if the policy results in some reduction in unemployment or benefits for the majority of people, the upper class receives even greater benefits.

Flaws in the Trickle-Down Theory

The idea of supply-side economics is that wealthy people will take the opportunity given by lower tax rates to buy more things, make more investments and start more businesses, thus growing the overall economy. Even if this were true, the economic growth is not uniformly equal. If more people buy yachts, for example, a few middle-class factory workers or yacht-club waiters may benefit, but a large portion of that money stays at the top, with the executives and shareholders of the yacht company.

Deregulation

Aside from lowering taxes, another tenet of supply-side economics is reduced regulation to create growth. It is often true that lower regulation means higher profits and higher gross domestic product, but there are hidden costs of deregulation. If the government reduces emissions regulations on coal power plants, then the coal plants will make more money and electricity will be cheaper for everyone. But those benefits do not take into account the medical costs of the people who get asthma or lung cancer from the increased coal burning, as well as all the productivity they lose while sick. Therefore, while it appears deregulation makes the economy grow, it could actually reduce the overall population's health and standard of living.

Tags: supply-side economics, could actually, economic growth, economics that, lowering taxes, make more, supply-side economics

Do Breast Lumps Appear Above The Skin

Do Breast Lumps Appear Above the Skin?

Most masses (lumps) in the breast are not visible because they are within the breast tissue rather than on the surface of the breast. Both benign and malignant (cancerous) masses can occur in your breasts, and it is sometimes difficult to tell the difference when palpating (using your fingers to examine) your breasts. You should both palpate your breasts and examine them in a mirror because---though you may not see a lump--often there are signs of hidden lumps.

Cysts

Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing outlines different characteristics of masses. Breast cysts are benign (non-cancerous), often multiple and in both breasts, and usually occur after age 30 and recede with menopause, when the body produces less estrogen. They are also usually tender and may increase in size during menstruation, causing swelling and general tenderness of the breast. Cysts feel round and elastic and usually are movable.

Fibroadenomas

Fibroadenoma is a benign tumor that can occur between the onset of menstruation and menopause. Usually a person will have only one tumor that is movable and is round, disk-shaped or lobed. A fibroadenoma is usually firmer than a cyst and is not tender.

Fibrocystic Changes

Fibrocystic changes occur during reproductive years when you develop multiple cysts, overgrowth of some breast tissue and cycles of breast pain and swelling. The cysts in the beginning are small, but larger cysts form as the condition progresses, resulting in very lumpy and painful breasts, with symptoms worsening during menstruation. These lumps make self breast examination difficult, and fibrocystic changes increase your risk of developing cancerous tumors.

Malignant Tumor

A malignant tumor (breast cancer) is most common between the ages of 40 and 80. A person will usually have only one mass, but if the cancer has advanced, it may have spread to other areas of the breast or lymph nodes. The tumor feels firm, often flat and rubbery, and is less movable because cancerous cells attach and invade the surrounding tissue. The tumor is usually not tender in the early stages, but there may be some noticeable changes in your breast.

Warning Signs

According to MedicineNet, some indications of breast cancer include changes in the shape or size of your breast (especially when compared to the opposite breast), nipple discharge (blood-tinged or watery), nipple inversion (turning inward), dimpling or retraction (pulling inward) of the skin over the tumor site, discoloration of the skin (red-orange) and change in texture (hardening of skin, "orange peel" appearance).

Prevention

If you feel or see a lump and/or any breast changes, you should immediately consult a physician for a mammogram and other tests, which may include a needle biopsy or surgical biopsy (taking a sample of the tissue). Identifying lumps in your breasts and determining the cause is critical because breast cancer should be treated as early as possible. You should do monthly self breast exams and have an annual exam by a health professional; including a screening mammogram, after the age of 40, or earlier if you have a family history of breast cancer.

Tags: breast cancer, your breasts, Above Skin, Appear Above, Appear Above Skin, Breast Lumps, Breast Lumps Appear

Cancer Fund Raising Ideas

Cancer Patient

Cancer is a debilitating disease that affects millions of people in the US as well as worldwide. Unfortunately, there is no cure to cancer, but with research progressing, this fact may soon

change. However, researchers need funds to continue their efforts. Therefore, donations are often raised to help fight cancer. No matter how small the donation, every donation counts. Persuading your family and friends as well as others to join the fight against cancer can strengthen your efforts.

Walks for Cancer

Hosting a large walking event for cancer has been a popular method for many years. You can have individuals who plan to participate in the event donate a specified amount of money to join. Ask them to persuade their families and friends to join the event too. A great place to host a walking event is somewhere that has a lengthy walking trail. The more the participants walk, the more they can socialize and share their stories with others. As a bonus, you could include fun games for the walkers to participate in at the event. You can also have a variety of food and drinks for sale at the event, which can bring in additional fund-raising revenue.

Pink Day

In the effort to gain funds to donate to breast cancer research, you can start a "Pink Day." The color most associated with the effort to fight breast cancer is pink--many companies sell their merchandise in pink in observance of this. Instead of asking people to buy pink merchandise from these companies, you could sell pink merchandise of your own on the designated Pink Day. You could sell anything from T-shirts to pens. If you shop wisely, you can get a bulk of merchandise that you sell back at a profitable markup. Persuade those at your school or workplace to buy pink merchandise from you, letting them understand that all proceeds go to breast cancer research. In addition, ask them if they would like to make a further donation to the cause.

Silent Auctions

Another effective method of fundraising for cancer is to hold a silent auction. Silent auctions are conducted at charitable events, where you can raise funds and still enjoy the event's entertainment. To increase the amount of bids you receive on your items, set up your items near the ticket area so it will be visible to those standing in line. Make your item description detailed, using bullet points to highlight key features. If you are selling clothing, display them on mannequins so visitors can touch them in case they would like to feel the fabric. Provide the emcee with a cheat sheet so he can keep the audience informed about your items and the remaining bidding time. A good way to persuade other bidders to start bidding on your items is to use staff or volunteers as your first bid, then have the emcee announce your bid price updates and time left.

Tags: your items, breast cancer, pink merchandise, breast cancer research, cancer research

Problems Caused By Rice Bran

Rice bran used to be discarded during the rice milling process.

Throughout the globe, over 600 million tons of rice is harvested, providing a staple food for around 70 percent of the world. The outer layer of the rice grain, the bran, is often used medicinally for a variety of health problems. However, the ingestion of rice may can have some negative side effects.

Nutritional Information

When you eat a single ounce of uncooked rice bran, you ingest only 88 calories while receiving 6 g of dietary fiber, which is almost a 25 percent of the recommended daily intake of fiber. While rice bran is high in fat content at nearly 6 g, only about 1 g of that fat total comes from saturated fats. An ounce of rice bran also provides you with about 4 g of protein. Along with being a good source of fiber, rice bran provides you with over 100 antioxidants as well as phyrosterols and tocotrienols, which help fight disease.

Uses

People use rice bran to treat and prevent different diseases and illnesses, either topically or orally. Treat skin rashes caused by an allergic reaction by applying rice bran to the skin. The phyrosterols in rice bran may lower high cholesterol when you consume 85 g of full-fat rice bran during a low-fat diet. Other people eat rice bran to treat diabetes, high blood pressure, alcoholism, obesity and AIDS. The ingestion of this type of bran may also help prevent stomach cancer, colon cancer, kidney stones in people with high levels of calcium and cardiovascular disease. Rice bran might strengthen your immune system, increase your energy levels and improve liver function as well. However, more research is needed to determine if any of these rice bran uses are effective.

Side Effects

WebMD recognizes rice bran as a safe food for the majority of people when eaten or applied to the skin. However, some people suffer side effects. If you add rice bran to your diet, you may experience irregular bowel movements, intestinal gas and stomach discomfort during the first week or two. If used in a bath, rice bran may cause itching and redness. On rare occasions, you may develop a rash due to bran infested with straw itch mites.

Warnings

Pregnancy and breast-feeding women can safely ingest rice bran found in food, but should avoid eating large amounts of bran for medicinal purposes until further research can be conducted on its safety for fetuses and infants. If you suffer from a gastrointestinal condition such as intestinal ulcers or adhesions, do not eat rice bran. The fiber content of the rice bran may obstruct your digestive track. The fiber may also cause choking if you have trouble swallowing. Consult your doctor before taking rice bran if you take any orally medication, since rice bran can alter how the body absorbs the medicine.

Tags: rice bran, rice bran, rice bran, rice bran, bran also, bran treat

Look Younger At 60

A new hair cut can help shape your face and make you look years younger.

As we age, so does our confidence. Worrying what other people think of us can cause unneeded stress and heartache. Looking younger at sixty can boost your confident and make you feel, and look, better than ever. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Go get a haircut. Trade in your old hair style, for something new and trendy. Opt for a stylish new color to cover up any grays. You want something natural and pretty that will flatter your face. Also, avoid using too much hairspray to hold your hair in place. Stiff hairstyles have no shine. Aim for hairstyles that take little effort to naturally be beautiful.

2. Go shopping for trendy outfits. If you are unsure about what is popular and what is not, take a younger shopping companion, such as a daughter or granddaughter. For clothes, aim for casual. Buy jeans that fit your body well. You don't want jeans that hang off you, but you also don't want jeans that are so tight they make you look uncomfortable. The right dress can also make you look younger. You don't want a dress to show off too much skin, but you also don't want a baggy grandma dress from the 1800's. Look for dresses that complement you in color and have them be the right length to be spicy, yet professional.

3. Wear high heel shoes. The higher, the better. High heels can make you feel confident and look younger. Other trendy shoes that can make you look younger include wedges, sandals, and boots. Get rid of any old looking shoes or worn out flats.

4. Wear a smile. Frowning can make you look years older. By smiling, you are showing your confidence and youthfulness. This makes it important to keep your teeth white and clean. Bright white blouses, pearls, and dresses can make teeth look dingy in comparison, so you may want to avoid these. Dark lipstick can have a similar effect.

Tags: make look, jeans that, look younger, also want, look years, make feel

Bilateral Work Agreement

Bilateral work agreements are agreements made between different countries allowing employment for U.S. government employees and their families in foreign countries. As of 2010, the U.S. had 109 bilateral work agreements with other countries.

Purpose

Bilateral work agreements are used in the process of obtaining a work permit in a foreign country. They are used for U.S. government employees on assignment for their job. Their family members are also often included in these agreements.

Features

Bilateral work agreements are reciprocal. If a person from the U.S. obtains a work permit in another country, a person from that country can also obtain one in the U.S. Each time a work agreement is created, specific instructions are included outlining the process it takes for a person to obtain a work permit.

Details

Bilateral work agreements are different between all countries. They are created when two countries negotiate an agreement. When an agreement is reached, it specifically states the way the arrangement works. These agreements specify who is included in the agreement, what family members are included, age requirements and any other details required.

Tags: work agreements, Bilateral work agreements, Bilateral work, work permit, family members, government employees, person from

California Universities That Offer Aviation Courses

Flight training is only one aspect of aviation education offered by California universities.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for pilots and flight engineers will increase by 12 percent between 2008 and 2018. While aviation courses in college can lead to such careers, many are not specifically geared towards pilot training. In California, aviation studies offered by universities there encompass a varieity of subdisciplines within the field.

San Jose State University

San Jose State University's Aviation and Technology Department is part of the degree program offered by the College of Engineering. Students can either pursue a major in aviation, resulting in the bachelor of science degree, or they can minor in the field. The bachelor's degree is offered with four possible areas of concentration: operations, avionics, aviation management, and maintenance management. The operations concentration will prepare students to serve as pilots and other positions within the commercial airline industry. Courses include introduction to aviation, aircraft theory and design, aircraft systems, propulsion theory, and airline operations and management.

San Jose State University

College of Engineering

Industrial Studies Building, Room 111

San Jose, CA 95192

408-924-3190

enjr.sjsu.com

California State University, Los Angeles

California State University in Los Angeles offers a degree program in aviation administration through its College of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology. The school offers the bachelor of science degree in Aviation Administration. The degree program requires the completion of a total of 180 credit hours in order to qualify for graduation. Of these, 32 credit hours are spent completing pilot training and 56 credit hours in general aviation and aviation administration courses. Courses of study include airline administration, general aviation operations and administration, airport administration, national airspace systems and control, aviation sales, and case studies in airline finance.

California State University, Los Angeles

5151 State University Dr.

Los Angeles, CA 90032

323-343-3000

calstatela.edu

Stanford University

While other universities in California offer degrees and coursework in aviation administration and operations, Stanford University provides aviation courses that support the technological side of the industry. The college offers degree programs in sustainable aviation through its Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. The school offers both a master of science (M.S.) and a Ph.D. in the field. Courses of study include applied aerodynamics, fundamentals of compressible flow, dynamics and control of spacecraft and aircraft, and global positioning systems.

Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics,

Stanford University

Durand Building

496 Lomita Mall

Stanford, CA 94305

650-723-2757

stanford.edu

Tags: State University, State University Angeles, University Angeles, California State, California State University, College Engineering, credit hours

Job Description For A Copy Clerk

The copy clerk carries out basic office work like filing and data entry.

A copy clerk performs basic office functions that do not require professional skills or qualifications. The copy clerk performs general clerical duties. The tasks include making copies of documents that are needed by departments within the organization. At times, the copy clerk also doubles as a mail clerk, whose main responsibility is sorting incoming and outgoing mail.

Education and Qualifications

Since the job does not require specialized knowledge, the minimum requirement for a copy clerk is a high school diploma. A copy clerk gains the necessary skills and experience on the job. At times, a copy clerk may be required to deliver documents using a vehicle, so some employers require you to have a driver's license.

Responsibilities and Duties

A copy clerk processes documents and prepares rooms for meetings or seminars. The copy clerk sorts and distributes mail and faxes and makes copies of documents. You operate and maintain the copier and fax machines and pick up and deliver parcels and mail to clients. You record and log information concerning incoming and outgoing mail and packages.

Desirable and Technical Skills

A copy clerk should be a good communicator.

A copy clerk should have basic computer skills and excellent verbal and written communication skills. You should be able to work effectively in the structure of a team and be able to multitask.

Working Conditions

Copy clerk duties consist of lifting large bundles of paper shipments, mail and packages. Some duties, like operating the fax or copier machine, require you to stand for many hours. The job entails doing pick-ups and deliveries, requiring mobility.

Compensation/Salary

The average annual salary for a general clerk ranges from $20,938 to $30,844 per year, according to PayScale, as of July 2010. These figures vary according to the employer and level of experience and training.

Job Outlook

Job opportunities for copy and other office clerks are expected to decline by 41 percent from 2006 to 2016, according to Career Planner. This will be a result of the increased productivity of office machines and the consolidation of clerical functions. For instance, files can now be stored and retrieved electronically, decreasing demand for office clerks.

Tags: copy clerk, basic office, clerk performs, clerk should, copies documents

State Benefits & Va Disability Benefits

You have served in the United States military at its most extreme demand and now you are permanently injured. Re-orientation to civilian life, finding career and living arrangements that suit your skills and your health requirements are top priorities. You are not on your own, however, as both the Veterans Administration and your state government have benefit programs to assist you.

Early Days of the VA

The relationship between the federal government and the individual states regarding benefits for disabled veterans dates back to the First Continental Congress. In the beginning, the federal program for soldiers injured in the Revolutionary War could not be fully covered by the new government budget. The burden of making up the difference fell to the states until 1808. State compensation was not mandated, however, and each state made its own decisions on what coverage would include.

Historical Development

In 1808, The Federal Bureau of Pensions was formally established and a national tax base had developed sufficiently to cover the full cost of disabled veterans' benefits directly from the federal budget. By the end of the Civil War, federally funded veteran's homes and hospital level medical facilities had also become standard. Most states continued to fund disabled veterans' benefits as a supplement to federal programs. Many of those benefits are still in place today.

Modern Times

State to state comparisons of benefit programs for disabled veterans vary significantly. Options range from relief of vehicle registration fees and free hunting licenses to direct financial compensation, additional health care, tuition payments and employment preference programs. Attention to veteran needs and assistance to disabled veterans re-entering the society they have honorably served, is on the rise. The best place to start for help at home is your state Veteran's Affairs office.

Complications and Duplications

Two primary challenges for disabled veteran's seeking full activation of their benefits are complications related to travel and extensive paperwork and disputes that result from improper duplication of state and federal benefits. It is very important to get all of the information before making decisions about what to accept as assistance from any source. Create a long term plan that includes your housing, health, education and employment needs and design a package of both federal and state benefits that will support your goals without conflict. If you are unable to drive, include provisions for how you will travel for benefits processing and health care. Be sure you have the help you need to fill forms in correctly, saving time and future complication.

Advocacy

Disabled American Veterans (DAV) is a national non-profit organization created and managed by disable veterans for nearly 90 years. With a mission to ensure that those who have defended the Nation's freedoms are able to enjoy the benefits they have earned, the DAV provides benefits assistance and veteran's advocacy in every state. If you are overwhelmed by the process of sorting through your VA and state disabled veterans options, or have a dispute that needs perspective to settle, consider contacting DAV. They can, at the very least, help steer you to clarity.

Tags: disabled veterans, your state, benefit programs, disabled veterans benefits, health care, they have

Intraductal Breast Cancer Stages

Intraductal breast cancer is evaluated by physicians in stages. This consists of determining how large a tumor is and how far it has spread throughout your body. Five stages, 0 through IV, have been delineated along with several sub-stages. Every case of breast cancer is different, as intraductal breast cancer is a very complicated disease.

Stage 0

In Stage 0, abnormal cells develop in the ducts of the breasts. These cells may or may not be cancerous. It is often considered a pre-cancerous stage.

Stage I

Stage I typically involves a small tumor. Cancer cells have not spread beyond the breast into any other area of the body.

Stage II

Stage II tumors are still located in the breast area, but in some cases, tumor growth appears in the lymph nodes.

Stage III

Stage III cancer is more advanced, but still contained within the breast area and lymph nodes.

Stage IV

Stage IV is advanced cancer that has spread to other areas of the body, which may include the liver, lungs, bones and/or brain.

Sub-Stages

Stages II and III also have sub-stages (A, B and C) in which the cancerous tumors are measured in centimeters. This, depending on size and location, pre-determines which sub-stage category the intraductal breast cancer falls into.

Tags: Stage Stage, breast cancer, breast area, intraductal breast, lymph nodes

Medicare Enrollment Requirements

In general, you must be at least 65 years old and have ten years of working credits to enroll in Medicare.

Medicare is the United States's largest health insurer, serving over 40 million Americans. There are several parts to Medicare. Medicare Part A, Hospital Insurance, covers some of the costs for your hospital care, skilled nursing facilities, hospice care and some home health care. Medicare Part B is Medical Insurance that covers medically necessary doctor's visits and outpatient hospital care, plus some physical and occupational therapy. There are other types of Medicare coverage as well, but most have the same eligibility requirements.

Medicare Age Requirements

In general, you are eligible for Medicare once you turn 65 and have worked for at least ten years in Medicare-covered employment. You must also be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident. You are also eligible for Medicare if you are under age 65 and have a disability, or if you have end-stage renal disease (permanent kidney failure requiring a kidney transplant or dialysis).

Medicare Enrollment Choices

Shortly before you turn 65, you will be notified by the Social Security Administration of your Medicare eligibility. Because most people do not pay a premium for Medicare Part A, they often enroll in Part A as soon as they are eligible. There is a premium for Medicare Part B, either $96.40 or $110.50 per month in 2010, deducted from your Social Security, railroad retirement or civil service retirement check. If either you or your spouse is still working and you have health insurance through your employer, you can decline the Part B coverage until you retire. If you are not working or do not have other health coverage, and choose not to enroll in Part B coverage when you are eligible, your Part B premium will be the standard amount plus a 10 percent penalty for every 12 months that you go without coverage.

Medicare Enrollment Periods

You can enroll in Medicare beginning three months before you turn 65, and for four months after your birthday. If you do not enroll in Medicare Part B when you turn 65, you can enroll during the general enrollment period that runs from January 1 to March 31 every year. You can enroll by visiting your local Social Security office or calling the Social Security Administration. If you enroll during this period, your benefits will begin on July 1. If you retire or your employer-sponsored health coverage ends, you have eight months from the end of coverage to enroll in Medicare Part B without penalty.

Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplements

When you enroll in Medicare, you also have the option of enrolling in a Medicare Advantage plan or a Medicare supplement plan. A Medicare Advantage plan offers all of the benefits of Medicare Parts A and B, and usually includes Medicare Part D prescription benefits as well. Medicare supplements offer additional benefits to Medicare Parts A and B. MA and supplement plans are operated by private insurance companies, and you may need to pay a premium to the insurance company in addition to your Part B premium. You can enroll in an these plans when you enroll in Medicare, and generally can only make changes during the Annual Election Period each fall.

Tags: Medicare Part, enroll Medicare, Social Security, Medicare Advantage, Medicare Enrollment, Advantage plan, before turn

California Medicare Eligibility

It is important to distinguish between Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare is a federally funded and administered health insurance program for people over the age of 65 and those with qualifying medical conditions. Medicaid, on the other hand, is administered at the state level and is a medical insurance program aimed at helping the poor, indigent and children of low-income families. Medicaid has strict limitations on the amount of assets and income you can have in your own name and still qualify for coverage.

Medicare Eligibility

There are no California-specific criteria for Medicare eligibility. You are eligible for Medicare if you are age 65 or older, or if you are under age 65 have acute renal failure or Lou Gehrig's disease. In the case of Lou Gehrig's disease (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), you are eligible for Medicare as soon as you begin receiving disability income benefits from either Social Security or the Railroad Retirement system. If you get disability benefits for another reason from the Railroad Retirement Board, you will be automatically enrolled in Medicare on the first day of the 25th month after you begin collecting benefits.

Enrollment in Medicare

If you are a California resident receiving Social Security retirement benefits, you will receive a letter, when you turn 65, notifying you that you have been enrolled in Medicare Part A, which covers hospitalization, and Part B, which covers physician's charges, lab fees and medical equipment. There is no charge for Part A; Part B requires a monthly premium. However, you can opt out of Part B coverage. Medicare has two other parts -- Part C, Medicare Advantage plans that allow you to access your Medicare benefits through a managed care network, and Part D, which covers prescription drugs. There are premiums for both Parts C and D, and they are optional coverage. There are subsidies available for those with limited incomes.

For Those Over 65

If you are a California resident over age 65 and not yet receiving retirement benefits from Social Security, you must call Medicare to enroll. Contact Social Security at 1-800-772-1213. If you are hearing-impaired, you can call 800-325-0778. You should also contact Social Security to enroll in Medicare if you have end stage renal disease, requiring either a kidney transplant or dialysis.

Enrollment Period

To maximize your benefits, enroll in Medicare during the three months before you turn 65. If you wait until after you turn 65. you may be delayed in qualifying for benefits under Part B. However, if you did not sign up when you were first eligible, you can enroll in Medicaid between January 1st and March 31st of each year. Your coverage will not start right away; benefits begin on July 1st. If you delay enrollment after your 65th birthday, Medicare may charge you a higher premium

Tags: Social Security, Part which, Part which covers, which covers, benefits from, California resident

Salary Range For An Orthopedic Technician In California

Orthopedic technicians help repair damaged limbs.

Employed by orthopedic surgeons, hospitals and other healthcare facilities, orthopedic technicians help patients recover movement in their limbs. Job opportunities are expected to increase due to technology advancement and a jump in diseases that affect limbs.

Identification

Orthopedic technicians, also called orthopedic technologists, help orthopedic physicians with the creation and maintenance of orthopedic tools like prosthetics, splints, braces and casts. Training in orthopedic technology via an associate’s degree or certificate program provides entry into the field.

California Compensation

Salary.com reports that as of July 2010, California orthopedic technician salaries range from $32,590 to $55,527 in the Oakland area, and between $29,512 and $50,285 in the San Diego metropolitan area.

Outlook

Employment in the field is expected to grow by 14 percent between 2008 and 2018. "Medical appliance technicians will grow at 11 percent, about as fast as the average for all occupations, because of the increasing prevalence of the two leading causes of limb loss-diabetes and cardiovascular disease," states the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Considerations

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that demand for devices like braces and orthopedic footwear will increase, and advances in technology will heighten demand for prostheses. The bureau suggests that competition for these jobs is minimal, due to lack of awareness and low starting wages.

Experience

PayScale indicates that eight percent of orthopedic technicians have been on the job for less than a year, with the majority (40 percent) employed for between one and four years.

Tags: Bureau Labor, Bureau Labor Statistics, grow percent, Labor Statistics, orthopedic technicians

Start An Urgent Care Clinic

Start an Urgent Care Clinic

Opening an urgent care clinic requires much more than a "build it and they will come" mindset to be successful. You want to open a clinic in a community where it will be significantly utilized by a diverse representation of the local population. Seniors, college students, people lacking insurance and others will seek out your clinic if it is marketed effectively and offers a trained and personable staff. Here are several helpful tips to help you launch your urgent care clinic successfully.

Instructions

Location and start-up capital are key

1. Consider start-up costs, and develop a plan to fund your urgent care clinic . Capital is needed for the leasing of space, staff salaries, taxes, office equipment, marketing and other expenses. If you want your clinic to have a web presence, factor in the cost of website creation, maintenance and hosting. If you do not have the personal resources to fund your clinic, you can consider loans from family or friends, bank loans or funding from other investors, such as venture capitalists.

2. Write a business plan. A business plan is necessary to outline needed capital, staffing requirements, the location of need for a clinic and your marketing plan. Books and online resources can offer suggestions on do this if you are uncertain where to begin. Your business plan is a strategic plan for the success of your urgent care clinic.

3. Determine the location where an urgent care clinic would be most successful. Look outside your own town; surrounding communities may benefit more as the home of your urgent care clinic. Consider the population of the towns in your area and research which communities do not currently have such medical facilities. Avoid opening a clinic in a community that already boasts one or more.

4. Staff your urgent care clinic carefully. Open with minimal staff and add as your clinic expands. You may consider employing family members or friends initially for administrative functions such as receptionist and billing, unless you know of people who are medical professionals. You may consider hiring medical, nursing and medical technology students as well, if they are supervised by professionals.

5. Market your urgent care clinic. Print brochures, fliers and posters about your clinic. List the hours you are open, the services currently available and basic list of insurers accepted. Advertise in your local daily or weekly publications. Send information about your clinic to schools, senior centers, housing complexes, colleges and recreation centers, to name a few. Display information in bus stations, malls, libraries, gyms and any other places potential patients may congregate.

Tags: urgent care, your urgent care, urgent care clinic, your clinic, your urgent, care clinic

The Effects Of Gamma Radiation On Plants

Gamma rays are a high-energy form of electromagnetic radiation.

Gamma rays are photons of electromagnetic radiation emitted from unstable nuclei like those formed during nuclear fission. Their wavelengths are typically less than 10 ^ -12 meters, and their frequencies usually exceed 10 ^ 20 Hertz; consequently, they have sufficient energy to eject electrons from atoms and cause damage to tissues in living organisms. At high doses, gamma rays can harm plant life. Does this Spark an idea?

Mortality

If doses are high enough, irradiation with gamma rays may be sufficient to kill most or even all of the plant species in a community. An Oak Ridge National Laboratory paper in 1995, for example, cited previous work studying past radiation releases in the Soviet Union like the Chernobyl disaster. Doses of radiation exceeding 500 rads (a unit measuring radiation and equivalent to 10 milliGray) per day completely killed off plants, even those that had higher tolerance levels. Doses of 10,000 rads per year caused complete destruction of exposed ecosystems and their plant inhabitants. Some species were more sensitive than others; pine trees, for example, fell victim to doses as low as 5 to 10 rads per day according to the report.

Abnormalities

Lower doses of radiation do not kill plants but can induce a range of abnormalities. Withered crowns, underdeveloped or misshapen leaves and unusual growth patterns such as gigantism -- excessive height and over-rapid growth -- characterize plants exposed to intermediate doses of gamma rays. When doses are sufficient to kill many of the existing plants, subsequent recovery may be slow.

Seeds

Seeds exposed to high levels of radiation will not germinate. Seeds exposed to intermediate levels of radiation may actually exhibit higher growth rates at first, although the percentage of seeds that germinate decreases as the radiation dose increases. The gamma rays induce DNA damage and the higher the dose, the more damage to the plant's DNA they cause. Different plants may exhibit different tolerance levels; some seeds and seedlings can survive higher doses than others.

Tags: gamma rays, doses gamma, doses gamma rays, electromagnetic radiation, exposed intermediate, levels radiation

Job Description Of Hotel Clerks

Make their stay one to remember.

A hotel clerk is often the front line of customer satisfaction for whatever hotel they work for. He is the face of all the management and service employees within that hotel, and as such usually take the entire blame or praise for a guest's experience at the hotel. Superior people skills, local expertise and physical labor all must be combined in a hotel clerk's repertoire for him to be the most successful at his work.

Skills

Communication skills are first and foremost for any hotel clerk. Guests are dependent on hotel clerks to provide accurate information on hotel rates and schedules, guide them to the proper rooms, and react calmly and professionally during to a guest emergency. A hotel clerk must be able to mediate a guest complaint to their satisfaction, or provide reparations when necessary. Night and weekend shifts are often required. A hotel clerk must be able to work standing up, often for eight to 12 hours at a time, or longer.

Duties

Beyond checking guests in and out of their stay at the hotel, a hotel clerk must be ready to perform almost every other duty within the hotel, depending on staffing situations. A hotel clerk can be called upon to deliver requested items to a guest room, store luggage, monitor reservation phone calls, and even fill in for food runners in room service. Also, if a dedicated concierge is not available at the hotel, the hotel clerk should be able to provide travel directions and information about local attractions and events. If the hotel has a store, the hotel clerk may need to monitor the cash register and guest transactions.

Training

Depending on the service quality and standards of the particular hotel, a hotel clerk often needs no more than a high school education to be hired. Most duties and services required for a hotel clerk are learned on-site and through provided training, as individual hotels have differing requirements for technical and service skills. Some hotels require many years of experience within the hospitality industry before they will consider hiring a new hotel clerk.

Employment

Hotel clerks are most often employed at the front desk of hotels, be they independently run operations or chains such as the Ramada Inn or La Quinta. Hotel clerks are also found at lodges, resorts and motels.

Salary

A hotel clerk's salary is largely dependent on the particular hotel they work for, the quality and range of services offered to guests, and the number of years they have worked within the industry. Hotel clerks are usually paid an hourly wage between $8 to $16, though front desk clerk managers can be salaried.

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Schooling & Requirements For Becoming A Radiological Technologist

An aging population's greater need for medical care and a heightened use of diagnostic imaging during medical procedures makes for an optimistic view of employment for radiology technicians. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics anticipates adding 37,000 jobs to the field -- an increase of 17 percent -- through 2018. To tap into the field of X-ray vision, prospective radiology technologists must hit the books.

School Start

The main educational requirement to become a radiology technologist is some form of post-secondary education, but within those guidelines, prospective techs have a lot of room. While the most commonly pursued type of degree is the two-year associate of radiology technology, other options include a shorter certificate or diploma or longer bachelor's degree in the field. Candidates should look for an educational institution accredited by the Joint Review Commission on Education in Radiology Technology, which offers a search function on its website allowing narrowing down by location and by type of degree.

Major Courses

The majority of a radiology technology program will focus on preparing the student for work within the profession. Course rosters are similar to the one at South Union State Community College, located in Opelika, Alabama, offering a two-year associate's degree covering topics in introduction to radiography, radiographic procedures, imaging equipment, anatomy and physiology, exposure principles, image evaluation and pathology and radiation protection and biology.

Additional Schooling

Assorted other education is required during a radiography program. At Riverland Community College, with multiple locations in Minnesota, students complete coursework in introduction to chemistry, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, developmental psychology, medical terminology, freshman English and a humanities or fine arts course, which basically refines and rounds off their education.

Other Requirements

Unlike some other medical professions, there is no overall licensing or certification regulations in place for the radiologic technology field. To become a radiology technician requires completion of a training program, but after that point, states go their separate ways. In some cases, a test or continuing education credits may be required. Although voluntary, prospective radiology technicians can bolster their career opportunities by seeking certification from the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists. While not required, this extra certification may prove useful in obtaining a job or receiving a higher salary. To qualify, technologists must have completed a program in the field, take an examination and complete continuing education courses every two years.

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List Of Private Universities In California

California Institute of Technology is one of California's private universities.

California's public colleges and universities are some of the best in the United States. The state's private universities also include some of the most prestigious and well-regarded schools in the world, schools such as the California Institute of Technology and Stanford University. A degree from many of these schools confers prestige, and offers graduates more options in the job market.

California Institute of Technology

California Institute of Technology, or Caltech, has a mission to "expand human knowledge and benefit society through research integrated with education." Caltech's professors and graduates have gone on to win an impressive 32 Nobel Prizes, as of February, 2011. The university has six divisions in the physical sciences, including biology; chemistry and chemical engineering; engineering and applied science; geological and planetary sciences; physics; mathematics and astronomy; and interdisciplinary programs. The seventh division is humanities and social sciences. Several of these divisions house multiple disciplines; for example, within the engineering and applied science division are aerospace and bioengineering.

Golden Gate University

Golden Gate University has three locations in California: San Francisco, Los Angeles and Silicon Valley. The fourth location is in Seattle, Washington. Golden Gate University offers undergraduate degrees in a two fields: a B.A. in management and a B.S.B. in business. Within the management degree are specializations in information technology, human resource management, marketing and public administration. Within the degree in business are concentrations in information technology, accounting, finance, human resource management, international business, marketing, and operations and supply chain management. Graduate degrees are offered in public administration, accounting, psychology and business.

Pepperdine University

Pepperdine University is a Christian university located in Malibu, California, right on the Pacific Coast Highway. The university has five schools: Letters; Arts and Sciences; Business and Management; Graduate School of Education and Psychology; School of Law; and the School of Public Policy. Within those first two schools are a wide variety of undergraduate majors in fields as diverse as accounting and acting, Asian studies and chemistry. Graduate students can earn degrees in American politics, business, clinical psychology, or marriage and family therapy. Pepperdine makes study abroad programs available to students in Europe, Asia and Latin America.

Stanford University

Located in Palo Alto, California -- outside of San Francisco -- Stanford University is one of the top universities in the United States. Stanford's undergraduate schools are in Earth sciences, engineering, education and humanities and sciences. Within these departments are majors in geophysics, environmental Earth science systems, aeronautics and astronautics, anthropology, drama, economics, physics and political science. Graduate schools at Stanford teach law, medicine and business. Each year, Stanford University accepts approximately 1,700 new students and 30 transfer students.

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