Echocardiogram Technician Programs In Michigan

In Michigan, diagnostic medical sonography programs are found at universities, community and private colleges.

Echocardiogram technicians, also called sonographers or cardiac technicians, use specialized imaging equipment to generate images of the heart. Physicians read these images and use them to treat a wide range of heart problems. To pursue a career in echocardiogaphy, you must complete a cardiac diagnostic medical sonography program or a cardiovascular technician program that includes echocardiography in the curriculum. Several technical schools, community colleges and private colleges in Michigan offer these programs. According to the career information website Indeed.com, the average yearly salary for echo technicians is $56,000 as of July 2010.

Jackson Community College

Located in Jackson, Michigan, in the central part of the state, Jackson Community College offers a cardiac sonography program that leads to an associate degree and a career as an echo technician. The Commission for Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs accredits this program. Some of the courses include introduction to diagnostic imaging, sonographic instrumentation, medical terminology, adult echo and cardiovascular principles. General education classes are also necessary. Some of the classes are available online in addition to classroom settings. Graduates of this program will have the necessary knowledge to pass the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers to become licensed sonographers.

Jackson Community College

2111 Emmons Road

Jackson, MI 49201

517-787-0800

jccmi.edu

Carnegie Institute

The Carnegie Institute is a private, postsecondary school of allied health technology, located in Troy, just north of Detroit. Carnegie offers a cardiovascular technologist program that leads to a career as an echo technician. The program has accreditation through the Joint Review Committee on Education in Cardiovascular Technology and Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education. This is a diploma program and graduates will be able to gain membership (through testing when applicable) in the Alliance of Cardiovascular Professionals, the American Society of Echocardiography, the Michigan Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. Some of the concepts learned in this program include ECG, holter monitoring, exercise stress testing, echocardiography and cardiac doppler. To gain entry into this program, students must have a formal math and science background on a college level and clinical work experience.

Carnegie Institute

550 Stephenson Highway

Suites 100 - 110

Troy, MI 48083

carnegie-institute.edu

Sanford Brown Institute

Sanford Brown Institute is a private college with campus locations throughout the United States. SBI's Dearborn, Michigan, location offers a cardiovascular sonography program. Some of the careers that graduates of this program will be able to apply for include cardiovascular sonographer, echocardiography technician, hospital and emergency room tech, laboratory technician and clinic technician. This is a diploma program and the school is fully accredited. Some of the concepts covered in this program include EKG patterns, arrhythmia recognition, emergency protocols, echocardiography and holter monitoring.

Sanford Brown Institute

5900 Mercury Drive

Dearborn, MI 48126

877-257-6444

sanfordbrown.edu‎

Tags: this program, Brown Institute, Carnegie Institute, Community College, Jackson Community, Jackson Community College

Hipaa Clinic Policies

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act impacts covered entities, such as medical clinics and independent practitioners, that provide health care services to patients. HIPAA was instituted by the U.S. Congress in 1996 out of the rising need to put privacy practices in place that keep health care information confidential.

Privacy Policies

Upon receiving new patients, the clinic must obtain consent from the patient to release any of her medical information to outside entities, such as the patient's spouse, kids or parents. Under HIPAA, medical information may not be released to anyone other than whomever the patient identifies. Other privacy policies include ensuring that medical records are stored in a locked room or cabinet, inaccessible to unauthorized individuals.

Security Policies

Clinics that maintain patient information electronically must adopt security policies for their computers. One such policy is that computers must always remain locked when not in use, and all computers must be password protected. If sending electronic correspondence that contains patient information, secured email settings must be in place to avoid interception by outside hackers.

Enforcement Activities

Breeches of HIPAA policies within the workplace must be rectified by employers. HIPAA violations are serious and are considered federal offenses. The Department of Health and Human Services penalizes clinics that are out of compliance with HIPAA. Depending on the severity of the offence, consequences range from financial penalties to jail time.

Tags: computers must, entities such, health care, medical information, patient information

Ultrasound Schools In Miami

In Miami, there is a good selection of schools located all over the city that offer accredited ultrasound technician programs.

With Florida's growing population, ultrasound technicians are becoming high in demand. In Miami, there is a good selection of schools located all over the city that offer accredited ultrasound technician programs. Ultrasound technicians may obtain employment in hospitals, clinics, radiology facilities, and many other types of medical facilities. To be accepted into these programs, you will need to have a high school diploma or equivalent, be at least 18 years old, and complete an application for enrollment.

Professional Training Center

Professional Training Center is a private college located in southwest Miami. PTC's Diagnostic Medical Sonography programs prepare students for a career in Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Echocardiography, and Vascular ultrasound. At PTC, you have a choice to enroll in either the certificate program or the associate's degree program. Both of the program's curriculum is divided into classroom lectures, lab participation, and experience in a clinical setting and are accredited from the proper agencies. The certificate program is a shorter program and students will gain knowledge in areas such as human anatomy, physiology, pathological processes and proper use of ultrasound physics to obtain quality diagnostic images. The associate's degree program teaches most of the same concepts, but also incorporates subjects such as communication, humanities, social sciences and other general education classes. The program also teaches abdominal sonography, obstetrics, gynecology and pediatric applications. According to the school, the associate's degree program allows students enrolled in the program to have diversified skills and seek further education within the health care field.

Professional Training Center

13926 S.W. 47th St.

Miami, FL 33175-4404

305-220-4120

ptcmatt.com

Dade Medical College

Dade Medical College is a private college located near downtown Miami that offers a diploma and associate's degree program in diagnostic medical ultrasound. DMC's ultrasound programs will train you on perform abdominal and obstetrical ultrasound examinations and identify organs and systems of the abdominal and pelvic cavity along with the female reproductive system. Students will also learn proper imaging technique and protocol. Graduating from either program will make you eligible to take the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers examination. Both programs are accredited and are similar in length; however, the associate's degree program is a bit longer because the curriculum is more diversified and general education courses are required.

Dade Medical College

3721-1 N.W. 7th St.

Miami, FL 33126

305-644-1171

dademedical.edu‎

Miami Dade College

Miami Dade College is located in north Miami and offers an associate's degree program in Diagnostic Medical Sonography. This program is a two-year program that requires 66 credits to earn an Associate in Applied Science degree. The program provides training that will teach you the necessary technical competencies to function effectively as a Diagnostic Medical Sonography technician. Students are required to take general education courses while in the program and the school recommends that students complete the general education courses before they enroll in the program to reduce the course workload in each semester. This school also recommends that students work (at their job) no more than 20 hours a week while enrolled in this program due to the demading workload of the program.

Miami Dade College

11011 S.W. 104th St.

Miami, FL 33176

305-237-4038

mdc.edu‎

Tags: degree program, associate degree, associate degree program, Diagnostic Medical Sonography, general education, Medical Sonography, Dade College

High School Spanish Projects

High School Spanish Projects

There's no better way to learn a language than to use it-either by conversing with native speakers or by applying it in a creative project. Charles Leahan has been teaching Spanish in parochial high schools outside Philadelphia for 40 years. He says the kind of project he assigns depends on the ability level of the class. Here are some ideas for all skill levels.

Map it out

Leahan's elementary students have to create maps to their houses, labeling all landmarks, such as trees, billboards, buildings, and intersections. "If I can find my way to their house, it helps their grade," he says. "If I get lost, bad things happen to them."

Pen Pals

Using aliases, so that students don't know with whom they are communicating, students can exchange letters-in Spanish, of course-with pen pals from other Spanish classes.

Essay es Excellente

Essay assignments can be tailored to coincide with the current Spanish lesson. "What I did during summer vacation" could be a great way to reinforce using past tense. "What the world will be like in 2025" would utilize future tense. What may seem like cliché essay subjects are that much more interesting when written in another language.

Journaling

Leahan says that all of his students keep a journal in the classroom. Writing is done in class, away from the "help" offered by the internet. Again, topics are suggested based on what the class is studying. Free-form journal writing is also a great way to have students "think in Spanish."

Make use of media

Leahan says his students "have a ball" making and recording commercials on video, and many are more comfortable with the buffer zone of a camera, rather than speaking directly in class. Leahan says the creation of a newspaper by his more advanced Spanish classes is "probably the most creative project" his students have undertaken. The top students were the editors, responsible for finding mistakes. The paper included want ads, sports, Dear Abby-style advice columns, and editorial cartoons-everything that would be included in a real newspaper. The paper was then distributed to all Spanish classes. Finally, PowerPoint or other electronic presentations such as Keynote are very popular, according to Leahan, with topics ranging from Spanish artists and authors to meals to the Inquisition.

Buenas Suertes!

One word of advice Leahan offers for teachers is to have students mark their peers' work. "I have found they learn more by having hands-on involvement than by being a passive recepient," he says. "Actually they end up being more fair than I would have been, and in some cases, even stricter."

Tags: Leahan says, Spanish classes, students have, creative project, have students, High School

Diagnostic Assessment For Grammar Lessons

Teachers commonly assign diagnostic assessments at the beginning of the semester.

A grammar diagnostic, related to the word "diagnosis," tests students on their grammar knowledge and skills. Grammar diagnostics inform teachers of what aspects of grammar their students are already familiar with and what they still need to learn. Teachers can then develop grammar lessons based on these diagnostic assessments.

Description

Grammar diagnostic assessments frequently include multiple choice questions: (She walked ___ the store, a) over, b) to, c) beneath, d) under), fill in the blank; (She took __ bath yesterday), circling the correct answer; (She say/says she is hungry); and correcting errors in sentences (She was tired by the time the movie have ended). Often teachers divide different kinds of questions into difference sections of the test to prevent students from mixing up instructions. Grammar diagnostics can be anywhere from 10 questions to 10 pages long, depending on the skill and grade level of the students.

Content

Comprehensive diagnostic assessments cover the eight parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction and interjection), verb conjugation (the past, present and future tenses of the simple, perfect and progressive forms), pluralizing nouns, both regular and irregular (for instance, "bogs" vs. "boxes" and "oxen"), subject-verb agreement, sentence structure (simple, compound, complex and compound-complex) and independent and dependent clauses. Depending on the level of the students, diagnostics can also ask students to locate the subject and predicate of a sentence, or circle noun or prepositional phrases. Diagnostic exams are generally comprehensive tests that probe students' grammar weaknesses and strengths.

Types and Levels

Because they are simply a series of questions that test students' grammar skills, teachers can devise their own questions or take a selection of questions from a grammar workbook or the Internet. Any student who can read and write and has some prior knowledge of grammatical rules can be given a diagnostic grammar test. Grammar diagnostics for middle school don't need to be complicated; testing for the parts of speech, basic sentence structure and subject-verb agreement is appropriate at this level. High school and college grammar diagnostics need to be more rigorous and test for not only the parts of speech and sentence structure. but also the different verb tenses (simple, perfect and progressive), the different kinds of verbs (transitive and intransitive) and different kinds of phrases (noun, prepositional, adjectival). Teachers can test ESL learners through diagnostics that cover many of the same areas.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Diagnostic assessments provide teachers with instant ideas for grammar lessons. Effective grammar lessons target problem areas for students, rather than reiterating concepts students are already familiar with. Because diagnostics only allow one right answer per question, they are easy to mark and produce immediate results. Teachers can tailor grammar diagnostics to cover any level, from elementary school to university. Diagnostic assessments, however, can be misleading. Sometimes students with formal grammar training, such as ESL students, will excel on these kinds of tests, but their actual writing will be rife with grammatical errors. This is because they can recognize grammatical errors in closed situations such as a test, but when they try and construct more complex sentences on their own, they struggle to express themselves within the rigid grammatical rules they know. Additionally, the nature of multiple choice questions engenders the possibility of students guessing right answers by chance.

Tags: diagnostic assessments, different kinds, parts speech, sentence structure, already familiar

Side Effects Of Lupron Injections For Prostate Cancer

Lupron is an injectable hormone therapy used to treat prostate cancer. When the drug is administered regularly, it acts with the pituitary gland to stop the production of the leutinizing hormone that stimulates testicles to continue to release testosterone. It dramatically drops the levels of testosterone in men to castration levels. While the lack of testosterone can have a positive effect on stopping prostate cancer, Lupron injections can have some unpleasant side effects.

Initial Symptoms

After Lupron injection, patients will often experience redness, swelling, burning or itching at the injection site. This should not last more than a few days. As Lupron works by altering hormone levels in the body, it can produce a number of immediate symptoms. The most common of these is hot flashes, similar to those experienced by menopausal women. Bone pain and difficulty urinating are also often experienced at the beginning of Lupron treatment. Breast pain and swelling is also possible.

Sexual Side Effects

Since Lupron is a hormonal therapy that decreases testosterone, it can have a dramatic effect on a man's sexuality. The testes can decrease in size. Many men will also experience a decreased libido, or lack of sexual desire. Without proper levels of testosterone within the body, impotence is a possible side effect of Lupron treatment.

Other Problems

Side effects from Lupron injections that are not as common include gastrointestinal symptoms like constipation, nausea or vomiting. Headaches and insomnia have also been reported. Urinary frequency and infections as well as swelling of the hands and feet are possible but not common. In some patients changes in mood and even depression has followed Lupron injections. These symptoms should be reported to a physician.

Life-Threatening Reactions

While rare, certain life-threatening reactions have been experienced during Lupron therapy for prostate cancer. They include changes in blood pressure and heart rhythms. Congestive heart failure and blood clots have been reported by a small number of Lupron patients and may or may not be directly linked to the drug. Allergic reactions are also possible with any medication. Anyone taking Lupron and experiencing any severe reactions should seek immediate medical help.

Prevention

It is possible to ease some of the side effects of Lupron injections for prostate cancer. Be sure the prescribing physician is aware of any other medications (over-the-counter and prescription) taken. Aspirin products can increase the risk of side effects. It is also a good idea to avoid exposure to the sun and wear sunblock when taking Lupron. Avoiding alcohol and eating properly can help with some of the side effects, as can getting adequate rest.

Considerations

Not everyone undergoing Lupron injections for prostate cancer will have side effects. Many of the symptoms produced by the drug will lessen over time and may disappear completely when therapy has stopped. It is also possible to adjust the dose and frequency of injections to help ease problems. Lupron has been proven to be effective in treating the cancer. The benefits and risks of Lupron injections should be weighed by doctor and patient.

Tags: Lupron injections, prostate cancer, also possible, been reported, have been, levels testosterone

High Paying Careers In Science

High paying careers in science require credentials from a bachelor's to doctoral degree. In 2009, CNNMoney.com published it's yearly article of Best Jobs in America based on pay, quality of life and job growth. Over half of the careers listed were science-related in a variety of industries including natural, health, life, technical and mathematical disciplines to name a few.

Health Science Careers

In health sciences, anesthesiologists and physicians rank number one and two respectively, on CNNMoney.com with median salaries above $220,000 per year. Both of these occupations require 12 plus years of education and training before practicing professionally. Nurse anesthetists also ranked in the top ten with a median salary of $157,000 per year. These professionals require a master's degree in nursing as well as additional training and certification to practice. Combined education can take from 6 to 8 years to complete.

With a continuing demand for health care professionals, many careers in health science can offer lucrative careers with a bachelor's degree in a related health science discipline.

Technical Science Careers

Many technical science careers in engineering and information technology offer high salaries for those with a bachelor's degree. As technology continues to advance, employers seek skilled professionals and pay high salaries to streamline processes and protect important business information.

Software architects ranked eight on CNNMoney.com, with a median salary of $117,000 per year. Other popular and lucrative information technology careers include systems security consultant and project manager. Engineering professions such as manufacturing engineers average $75,100 and civil engineers average $79,000 per year in salary.

Financial Science Careers

All businesses require financial professionals to not only keep careful records of finances, but project future revenue and profitability. Financial science careers can include a variety of career options with a bachelor's degree in finance or accounting, and some careers require additional certification, licensing or a master's degree. Outside of the office, many of these professionals are self-employed or work part-time for additional income to assist clients with taxes and financial reports.

Ranking sixth on CNNMoney.com, a certified public accountant makes a median salary of $74,000 per year, and an actuary averaged $129,000 per year.

Research and Life Science

Science careers related to clinical research require a bachelor's degree in life science, biology or a related discipline. Clinical development and pharmaceutical drug development requires extensive research and record keeping before being approved by a federal agency, and can be highly profitable for clinical and pharmaceutical organizations.

Clinical research associates oversee the development and clinical trial process for these organizations, and the median salary is $97,000 per year according to Indeed.com in February 2010. A regulatory affairs specialist maintains clinical trial documentation average $79,000 per year according to Indeed.com.

Tags: bachelor degree, median salary, median salary year, salary year, Science Careers, with bachelor

Highrisk Health Insurance Pool In New York State

Group Health Incorporated administers New York's high-risk insurance pool.

Federal health care reform laws passed in 2010, including the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, established temporary insurance pools for people who cannot obtain health insurance because of preexisting conditions. The pools provide health insurance coverage for high-risk citizens, and each state administers its own program. In the state of New York, people considered high risk can purchase health insurance through the NY Bridge Plan.

NY Bridge Plan

Group Health Incorporated (GHI), owned by EmblemHealth, administers the NY Bridge Plan. Participants can receive benefits to pay for specialist and primary health care, prescription medications and hospital care. Once the person is accepted into the plan, there is no waiting period to receive coverage. The NY Bridge Plan offers coverage until 2014, at which time health benefit exchanges will offer additional coverage options, in accordance with health care reform laws.

Plan Features

The NY Bridge Plan does not include deductibles and patients pay $20 copayments for doctor visits. Emergency room care requires a $100 copayment and hospitalization requires a copayment of $500. Additional plan benefits include pharmacy services, preventive care and vision care. The program does not require annual recertification.

Preexisting Medical Conditions

The NY Bridge Plan provides coverage only for people with one or more eligible preexisting health condition. People with conditions of the circulatory system or heart might qualify for the plan. Transplant patients, including transplants of the heart, liver or kidney, can qualify. Patients with respiratory conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, emphysema or tuberculosis, might receive coverage. People with digestive disorders, such as ulcers, ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, can qualify.

Enrollment

Applicants must provide proof of a preexisting condition in the form of a letter from a primary care doctor, medical records or an online personal health record. Eligibility is open only to New York State residents. In the majority of cases, applicants must be uninsured for a minimum of six months at the time of application. The NY Bridge Plan only insures individuals up to the age of 65, at which time the participant can apply for Medicare coverage. Enrollment in the program is limited. Upon reaching capacity, the administrators create a waiting list of qualified individuals. GHI offers an online application or applicants can submit an application by mail. Upon acceptance, enrollees receive a letter stating their eligibility, along with a bill for the first premium payment. Coverage begins after GHI receives payment.

Coverage Cost

The NY Bridge Plan only provides coverage for individuals and does not offer dependent or family plans. The plan has standardized rates, based on where a participant lives, not on health conditions. Participants in downstate New York counties, including Bronx, Kings, Westchester, Dutchess, Ulster, New York and other counties, pay $421 per month, as of November 2010. Enrollees in upstate New York, including Albany, Warren, Clinton, Yates, Essex, Delaware, Orleans and other counties, pay $362 per month. GHI administers the NY Bridge Plan in all counties throughout the state of New York.

Tags: Bridge Plan, health insurance, administers Bridge, administers Bridge Plan, Bridge Plan only, care reform, care reform laws

Highpaying Scientific Careers

Many people have an image of science careers as being underpaid lab technicians or faculty members, but there are several high-paying scientific careers providing six-figure salaries. Most, but not all, of these jobs require a Ph.D. and several years of experience, and most involve upper-level positions in research and development.

Geology

Geophysicists and geologists for the oil industry or mining companies explore and perform seismic analysis. They usually relocate often and live in countries outside of the United States.

University Research

High-level researchers in upscale universities like Harvard, Yale and Stanford earn great pay in nearly any science field, including the social sciences. Even those in state universities can have high-paying careers as full professors, especially those in charge of divisions or departments.

Radiation Physics

Hospital radiation physicists also are highly paid. These physicists perform specialized work in physical measurements associated with radiation therapy.

Engineering

Some chemical and nuclear engineers also make big annual incomes.

Veterinary Research

Research veterinary work at large universities is another high-paying scientific career possibility.

Tags: high-paying scientific

Hernia Mesh Removal

About 600,000 hernia repair surgeries are done in the United States every year, according to the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons. Traditionally, surgeons made one long incision in the groin during a hernia operation. That technique meant pain and a longer recovery for the patient.

Now mesh made from synthetics such as polypropylene is becoming more popular for hernia repair. Non-absorbable stitches and strong mesh help patients heal more quickly and return to work sooner.

However, any material inserted into the body can cause complications, and in some cases, the mesh might need to be removed later.

Groin Sepsis

Groin sepsis can develop from infected mesh, so doctors often start the patient on antibiotics before hernia surgery as a preventive. Antibiotics are given orally or through an IV one hour before the procedure, and are discontinued after 24 hours unless an active infection was found during surgery.

A deep-seated infection can cause chronic groin sepsis, and mesh removal is necessary for resolution. Removing the mesh leaves weakness at the repair site, increasing the chance of another hernia.

Researchers from the Department of Academic Surgery at St. James's University Hospital in Leeds, England, reviewed the cases of all of their patients who had mesh removal for sepsis during an eight-year period, particularly those who had hernia recurrence and chronic groin pain.

Prosthetic mesh had been used to repair 2,139 inguinal hernias, and patients whose mesh was removed after infection were followed up. Fourteen had deep-seated wound infection, and mesh removal was necessary to resolve sepsis. They experienced no complications during mesh removal.

After a median follow-up period of 44 months, two patients had recurrences without symptoms. None of the patients reported groin pain.

Hernia recurrence is rare after mesh removal for chronic groin sepsis, suggesting that the success of a mesh repair might depend on how well the abdominal wall reacts to the prosthetic material in the mesh, rather than on the physical presence of the mesh.

Researchers concluded that when there's a deep-seated infection, immediate removal of the mesh is necessary to resolve chronic groin sepsis.

Peristomal Hernia

A peristomal hernia can develop after a colostomy or ileostomy, causing an enlargement of the opening in the abdominal muscle that collects body waste. This enlargement can cause abdominal contents to protrude along the site of the stoma, which is an artificial opening made in the abdominal wall for those procedures.

Inserting mesh around a stoma increases risk of contamination from stoma bacteria.

It's possible to place the mesh too tightly around the bowel as it exits the abdomen, preventing bowel contents from emptying properly through the stoma after the surgery. If the stoma lies against the mesh, over time the mesh can erode into the bowel wall, necessitating removal of the mesh.

Placing the mesh too loosely around the stoma might not entirely close the hernia defect, and another hernia could occur.

Tags: chronic groin, mesh removal, chronic groin sepsis, abdominal wall, another hernia, around stoma, deep-seated infection

Careers In The Medical Field

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that 3 million new jobs will be available in the health care industry over the next decade. Despite periods of economic turmoil, medical careers continue to be in demand, and as the baby boomer generation continues to increase in age, the call for workers in the medical sector should only continue to grow. Apart from employment as a surgeon or physician that the term "careers in the medical field" conjure for many people, there are a variety of other opportunities available for work in medicine.

Mental Health and Therapy

Psychologists and counselors are needed to assist people with a variety of emotional and mental health issues. They provide guidance in modify one's behavior and thinking to overcome challenges or change one's life. Psychologists and counselors work for clinics and institutions, in group practice, or individually in a variety of specialties, including addiction, marital and familial issues, mental illness, and stress. A variety of jobs exist in rehabilitation and therapy as well. Physical therapists help people recover strength, balance, mobility and dexterity after an illness or injury. Occupational therapists help those with disabilities or recovering from a setback such as an accident or illness learn to perform daily tasks such as feeding, dressing and self-care. Speech pathologists assist those with difficulties or disabilities communicating or pronouncing certain sounds.

Nursing

Registered nursing is another crucial field in medicine. Nurses care for patients in doctor's offices, hospitals and mental health facilities. They often serve as intermediaries between doctors, patients and their families, and other members of medical staff. Nurses typically start off with a bachelor's degree in nursing or an associate's degree combined with a certificate. To advance, nurses may choose to become certified in specialties or as a nurse practitioner or to obtain a master's or doctoral degree in nursing. Specialties in nursing include mental health and psychiatry, obstetrics, cardiac nursing, pediatrics, critical care, emergency, home health, or education. Nurse practitioners are licensed to prescribe medicine to patients and often see patients in place of a doctor for routine concerns. Another specialized function of nurses are nurse midwives who care for women during pregnancy and delivery as well as lactation consultants who assist women with breast-feeding.

Assistants

There are a wide variety of positions available to assist medical professionals and patients. Most of these careers require certification and/or an associate's degree. Medical assistants work in doctors' offices and hospital settings performing routine jobs such as checking patient vitals. Specialized medical assistants called phlebotomists draw blood for laboratory testing purposes. Nurse's aides are hospital employees who assist registered nurses by bathing and feeding patients and responding to their requests for assistance in matters such as comfort and toileting. Orderlies are responsible for moving patients throughout hospitals from their room to testing, operating or examining facilities or from one department to another.

Technicians

A variety of careers are available for people to perform diagnostic testing and assist in basic therapy. Like assistant positions, these careers typically require certification and/or an associate's degree. Respiratory therapists assist people who require breathing treatments due to lung problems or diseases. Cardiovascular technicians perform EKGs and are trained in the operation of heart monitors. Sonographers perform ultrasounds for diagnostic purposes and upon women during pregnancy. Radiologic technicians perform X-rays, CT scans, MRIs and mammograms. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics provide first-response care in case of sudden illness or accidents.

Service Occupations

There are a variety of support personnel required for medical institutions and practices to run efficiently. These include medical records and information health technicians who are responsible for entering and maintaining patient information and medical transcriptionists who distill the notes of doctors into patient charts. Medical billers submit claims to patients' health insurance providers, reconcile patient accounts and then submit bills to them for unpaid balances. Bookkeepers and accountants help manage the practice or institution's cash flow and budget, and office or department managers oversee other support personnel to ensure that the unit is running smoothly.

Tags: associate degree, mental health, assist people, certification associate, certification associate degree, degree nursing

Prostate Radiation Treatment & Pregnancy

Radiation exposure during pregnancy can affect the fetus.

In some cases, radiation treatment for prostate cancer may be necessary during pregnancy but is generally dependent upon the stage of pregnancy, the stage of cancer, the potential hormonal effects on the cancer, the impact to both mother and fetus of delaying treatment, as well as ethical or moral issues.

Function

Radiation therapy uses high energy rays to kill cancer cells. It is typically the first treatment option for those with low-grade cancer that is confined to the prostate gland, or that has only spread to nearby tissue.

Types

External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is radiation that is focused on the prostate gland from a source outside of the body, and brachytherapy (internal radiation therapy) uses radioactive pellets placed directly into the prostate.

Time Frame

It is recommended, if possible, that pregnant women who must undergo radiation therapy for prostate cancer delay treatment until after the first trimester since this is when vital organ development occurs.

Fetal Effects

Pregnant women who receive radiation therapy for prostate cancer may have babies born with serious birth defects, or may experience slow fetal growth, or possibly miscarry.

Warning

According to the American Cancer Society, radiation therapy is not recommended at any time during pregnancy since high doses of radiation will harm the fetus. Alternative treatment options should be discussed with a health care professional to determine the safest, most effective treatment for both mother and baby.

Tags: during pregnancy, prostate cancer, radiation therapy, both mother, prostate gland, radiation therapy, radiation therapy prostate

Tennessee Food Stamp Qualifications

Tennessee Food Stamp Qualifications

The food stamp program is a way to find assistance in paying for food related expenses for your household. Based on certain requirements families are then issued a monthly amount of financial assistance in which to put towards the expense of groceries. In the state of Tennessee the eligibility requirements or qualifications include such things as one's household income, number of household members, assets as well as other factors. An explanation of such requirements is set by the Tennessee Department of Human Services (DHS).

Residency

To qualify, applicants need to be a U.S. citizen or qualified national/alien to receive such benefits. Applications need to have a social security number or proof of having applied for one in order to proceed with food stamp application process. There are some cases where legal immigrants are unable to receive food stamps, but their dependents may be eligible. Also applicants need to be living within the state in which they are applying.

Work

Those ages 16-59 and who are able to work would need to be registered for work and be participating in any employment training programs that may be offered within their area. Also, to be eligible those offered employment must accept such an offer and could not quit a job. Those who are 18 to 59 years old, and able to work but without dependents are only able to receive five months of benefits in three years. This is unless they work no more than 80 hours per month or determined by any other factors that would except them from the rule, which would be determined on a case basis.

Income

Eligibility for food stamps is also based on the income for the entire household. Wages through employment, self employment, any type of public assistance, unemployment, worker's compensation, child support, pension or any money collected through social security or Supplemental Security Income are counted when figuring this figure for the income of the household. Income can be figure through either the gross income (the total amount you are paid including what is taken out for taxes, etc) or by net income (the actual amount you bring home). A complete chart of household incomes and allowances can be viewed through Tennessee DHS at http://tn.gov/humanserv/adfam/fs-test.pdf. These figures are current from October 1, 2009 to September 30, 2010 and are updated every October, so if beyond that time frame figures may be subject to change.

Assets

The assets of the household are also considered when figuring eligibility within the State of Tennessee ($2,000 for average household or $3,000 for those with someone who is disabled or over the age of 60). Assets in this case do not include the home in which the family is living, retirement accounts or vehicles used for family transportation. Countable assets towards that household amount would include cash that family has readily available on hand or in bank accounts, stock and bonds, property that the family possesses and any type of lump-sum payments.

Other Factors

Individuals who are looking for assistance because of strike-related causes need to have been eligible based on their status before the strike took place. Most students need to work a minimum of 20 hours per week to be eligible, unless involved in a work-study program, raising dependents or receiving another other type of assistance, such as Families First. Those who have received felony charges related to certain drug-related offenses cannot receive food stamps. Also individuals found guilty of fraud will face probationary periods of no assistance up to three difference charges but after their third incidence of fraud will make themselves ineligible also.

Tags: food stamps, able work, applicants need, Food Stamp Qualifications, fraud will, need have, other factors

Definition Of Cell Differentiation

Cell differentiation is the final phase in a process of cell development--cell specialization. The initial stage, the totipotent stage--in which the cell could develop into any human body cell (blood, brain, liver)--eventually moves to the differentiation stage, in which the cell moves toward specialization (a designated type of cell with a specific purpose in the body).

Stage 1: Single-cell Zygote

Biologically, humans start life as a single-cell zygote---a single-celled fertilized egg (also known as a totipotent cell)--during reproduction. Totipotent cells in the fertilized egg produce more totipotent cells, with each one having the potential ability to become any type of human cell needed by the forming embryo: a liver cell, a brain cell or other cell within the body.

Stage 2: Cell Determination

After four days of the embryonic totipotent cell duplication phase, the cell determination phase begins---and is heavily influenced by gene factors. Cells begin to lean toward a specialized purpose within the developing body. Some of them do remain totipotent cells (like stem cells), but the majority of the other cells now start to develop specific cellular shapes and characteristics that will aid them in performing the activity or function they will be tasked with doing for the body.

Stage 3: Cell Differentiation

The process of cells becoming specialized is known as cell differentiation. After the cell moves from the totipotent stage--in which it could be used in any part of the growing body--and moves into the determination stage, where heredity and genes influence and determine its future use in the body, it must develop into the specialized cell it will become. This is known as cell differentiation.

Differentiation Influences

Just as heredity and genes influenced cell development and determination in Stage 2, the cell differentiation stage is also influenced by external stimuli. This influence by factors like growth motivates the changing cell to begin producing the components necessary for the part of the body it will serve.

For example, one cell may become a red blood cell during the specialization process, thus requiring it to be able to produce hemoglobin to aid in the transport of oxygen throughout the blood in the body.

Differentiation and Specialization

Once differentiation processes are complete, the cell is now recognized as a specialized cell, unique in structure and chemical makeup from different types of other specialized cells within the body (brain cell shape and chemical makeup differ from that of blood cells).

Over 200 cells exist in the developed human body, and while most are specialized cells, some types of remaining undifferentiated totipotent cells (such as the stem cells) have the potential to produce differentiated cells, while also maintaining their ability to perform as a totipotent cell. And according to the Ohio State University, the differentiated cells produced by undifferentiated cells (stem cells) can be used to replace cells in many diverse body functions (like the immune system or neurons in the nervous system).

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Naturally Reduce Fibroids

Uterine fibroids are benign tumors of smooth muscle in the uterus. Fibroids are non-cancerous. Fibroids may or may not cause female problems like, prolonged menstrual cycles and sharp pelvic pain. Fibroids are the leading cause of hysterectomy (surgical removal the uterus). However, there are natural methods to reduce fibroids so that surgery is not the only option. Follow dietary and exercise steps to reduce fibroids naturally.

Instructions

Diet is the Key

1. A diet high in fiber in low in fat can help with the symptoms fibroids cause. Start the day with high-fiber oatmeal and eat fruits high in fiber such as prunes, pears and figs.

2. Add soy products to diet to combat fibroids. Soy products produce isoflavones which have a weaker amount of estrogen that bind to the estrogen receptor, making stronger ominous estrogen produced in the body less available and in turn can reduce fibroids.

3. Reduce sugar intake, alcohol consumption, and foods high in saturated fats. These items make it difficult for the body to regulate hormones, making cramps and bloating increase.

4. Eat fruits and vegetables in bulk. Spinach and broccoli help stabilize estrogen levels.

5. Have a balanced regime of weekly exercise. Exercise 3 to 5 times a week for at least 30 minutes.

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Help For Pain After Shingles

If you've ever had chicken pox you are carrying a virus called varicella zoster or, shingles. The virus lives on in the nerve cells of your body where it can remain dormant for many years. The aging process, as well as stress, weakens the immune system and can trigger shingles. It is exhibited as a painful, ridge-like rash and may take as long as a month to subside. Postherpetic neuralgia can result. This is a painful condition of the rash-effected area lasting for many years. Fortunately, there is relief for those sufferers.

Easing the Pain

If you suffer from postherpetic neuralgia then pain management is part of your life. Applying pressure to the afflicted area will ease the pain. For example, if your back is bothering you, sitting in a firm chair with a straight, solid back will apply pressure needed to ease the discomfort. If your affected area is on the chest, a good hard cover book clutched tightly over the area can ease the discomfort. If you're a woman using your bag can do the trick.

Cool Cloths

A cold or warm compress placed on the painful area can soothe the skin and ease the pain. If you suffer from postherpetic neuralgia, consider wearing loose fitting, smooth material instead of rough, tight-fitting clothes which can irritate your skin.

Pain Meds

Zovirax, Valtrex and Famvir are three medications available that help treat shingles. These can be prescribed by your doctor. The sooner you start treatment, the better the chances of shortening the disease and perhaps preventing any post-shingles pain. If however, postherpetic neuralgia arises, over-the-counter pain medicines like Tylenol or Advil may treat the effected area.

Vaccine

Approximately one-third of the population has the shingles virus, states The Centers for Disease Control. The risk of suffering from shingles rises after the age of 50, but increases after 60. Fortunately the vaccine Zostavax is believed to greatly reduce the risk of shingles and its after effects. It is recommended for persons 60 and older.

Risks

You should not take Zostavax if you are allergic to gelatin or the antibiotic Neomycin. If you have other conditions, such as HIV, AIDS, cancer and undergoing radiation or chemo or any type of cancer affecting bone marrow, you should not take the vaccine. Vaccines are appealing as a quick solution to a long-term problem, but in the case of postherpetic neuralgia, there are alternatives and in many cases, they work.

Tags: postherpetic neuralgia, ease discomfort, ease pain, from postherpetic, from postherpetic neuralgia

Pros & Cons Of Descriptive Research

Professionals in many different fields rely on descriptive research.

In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project.

Varied

Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology.

Relatable

Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring.

Applicable

Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele.

Potentially Subjective

On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. If you are doing a comparison between two products, you might give one product an unfair advantage to get the desired results. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researcher's motive and method often arise.

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Alternative Treatment For Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare form of breast cancer that accounts for about 1 to 3 percent of all breast cancers diagnosed in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society.

Treatment

In Germany, a pharmaceutical agent called carnivora, which is derived from the Venus flytrap plant, has been used for decades to successfully treat many types of cancer.

History

Carnivora was developed by Helmut Keller, M.D., who used it to treat more than 2,000 patients in his clinic, including at least one case of inflammatory breast cancer.

Expert Insight

According to alternative cancer therapy pioneer Dr. Hans Nieper, carnivora contains at least six different chemicals that inactivate the information released by unstable or erratic genes, especially oncogenes.

Effects

Carnivora has been found to slow the growth of tumor tissue, stimulate T-cells and increase the activity of macrophages, the white blood cells that ingest and destroy invaders in the body.

Considerations

Other alternative treatments that have reportedly had positive results against inflammatory breast cancer include essiac tea and DMSO therapy, both of which are known to slow the growth of cancers.

Tags: breast cancer, breast cancer, slow growth

What Is The Meaning Of The Breast Cancer Ribbon

The breast cancer ribbon is used to spread awareness of breast cancer, a cancer that primarily affects post-menopausal women. The meaning of the breast cancer ribbon is universal, helping families of breast cancer victims unite and spread awareness of breast cancer.

History

Breast cancer ribbons were first distributed in 1991 during the New York City running race to promote breast cancer awareness.

Significance

After watching the success of breast cancer ribbons at the New York City race, Alexandra Penney incorporated it into cosmetics brands to promote Breast Cancer Awareness Month. It is now the universal symbol of spreading awareness of breast cancer.

Effects

The introduction of the breast cancer ribbon boosted breast cancer donations by $25 million dollars. Mammogram screenings have increased by 50 percent.

Benefits

The Susan B. Komen foundation gains over a million dollars each year from use of the ribbon. Companies use the ribbon to promote their own products, paying the foundation for each use.

Concerns

Although The Susan B. Komen foundation gains monetary support from the breast cancer ribbon, critics say women are still not taking preventative measures against breast cancer. The critics include professor Samantha King, who is strongly against how they market the ribbon.

Tags: breast cancer, breast cancer ribbon, awareness breast, awareness breast cancer, breast cancer, cancer ribbon, cancer ribbons

Health & Safety Policy For Child Care Settings

Child care facilities need written health and safety policies to protect caregivers and children.

The purpose of a health and safety policy in a child care setting is to provide parents with a written statement of the procedures in place to protect their children. The policy protects child care providers, as well, by detailing the training and procedure standards that need to be followed on a daily basis. To ensure that parents and staff read and understand the policy, provide two copies and request that a signed copy be returned prior to attendance or employment.

Prevention

According to the California Child Care Health Program, the policy should call for hand-washing by staff and children at arrival, when moving from one child care group to another, after handling pets or bodily fluid and before and after eating or handling food. Children and staff also need to wash hands after toileting and diapering, administering medication, sand or water play, or handling garbage or uncooked food. The policy should include provisions for sanitizing counters and table surfaces, toys, bathrooms and diaper changing areas, as well as for weekly cleaning of all bed linens used by the children.

Illness

The policy should identify criteria for the exclusion of ill children from the program. Symptoms requiring exclusion include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, discharge from the eye or others resulting from a known contagious illness. If any of these symptoms are the result of a non-contagious issue, documentation from the child's physician should be required. The policy also needs to provide for the exclusion of a child whose illness prevents him or her from participating in activities or prevents the caregiver from providing quality care to other children.

Provision for Emergency

The health and safety policy should include plans for emergencies. Detail the policy for transporting a child to a health care facility, including a statement that the parent will be notified as soon as it is practical. Include provisions for staff training in first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and for locating and using fire extinguishers. Detail procedures in the event of a fire or weather emergency, and call for a current listing of emergency numbers, including contact numbers for parents.

Transportation

A child care health and safety policy details provisions for the transporting of children, including the requirement that a signed permission form be on file for each child. The policy needs to address the mode of transportation, the credentials of the drivers, the car seat policy and the routine maintenance of the vehicle.

Background and Medical Clearance

To meet licensing and registration standards, each adult who comes into contact with children in any capacity in a child care facility must receive background and medical clearance, and adherence to this regulation should be addressed in the health and safety policy. The policy should clearly state the background and medical check process, indicating the type of records or history that would disqualify an adult from working or volunteering at the facility.

Tags: health safety, policy should, health safety policy, safety policy, background medical

Registered Sonographer Salary

Sonography reads the echoes of sound waves bouncing off an object.

Sonography is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high frequency sound waves, pitched above the level of human hearing, to produce images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the human body. A sonographer is the medical professional responsible for producing these images, which are often crucial in helping physicians and surgeons diagnose afflictions and decide on treatment. Certification is voluntary but is recommended to improve salary expectations.

Average Salary

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) listed the mean yearly salary for a diagnostic medical sonographer as $63,640 as of 2009. This translates into a monthly income of $5,303 and an hourly rate of $30.60. There were 51,630 sonographers employed in the U.S. in 2008. The top 10 percent of earners received an average of $85,950 annually, while the bottom 10 percent earned $43,990.

Salary by Industry

Different sectors of the health care provision industry can offer a diagnostic medical sonographer different levels of salary. The BLS May 2009 data revealed that speciality hospitals paid practitioners an average annual salary higher than general medical and surgical hospitals, $67,070 compared to $63,770. Outpatient care centers were listed as paying $64,560, offices of physicians paid $63,820, and medical and diagnostic laboratories offered a mean yearly wage of $61,820.

Salary by Geography

Massachusetts, Oregon and Colorado topped the list of best-paying states for diagnostic medical sonographers. The BLS listed the average annual salaries in the three states as $78,460, $78,320 and $77,380 respectively. Washington and Alaska completed the top five, listed at $76,980 and $75,500. Alabama was one of the lowest paying states with an average salary of $50,320.

Certification

In order to become a registered sonographer an individual must attend a relevant training program and pass a certification examination. Both universities and hospitals offer training programs, typically lasting two years, leading to an associate degree. It is recommended that candidates attend a program accredited by the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonographers (ARDMS) as they are considered the industry's standard bearers. The ARDMS also administers national certification examinations for sonographers. It offers certification credentials on passing the Sonography Principles & Instrumentation (SPI) Examination. A candidate may also take speciality examinations in order to become certified as a Registered Diagnostic Medical Sonographer (RDMS), a Registered Diagnostic Cardiac Sonographer (RDCS) or Registered Vascular Technologist (RVT). An individual must complete regular examination to maintain their credentials.

Outlook

While the U.S. BLS predicts that the employment market across all professions in the country will grow by between seven and 13 percent in the years between 2008 and 2018, it estimates that demand for diagnostic medical sonographers will increase by around 18 percent during the same period. The technical development of sonography and its safety and cost-effectiveness in comparison to other medical imaging techniques mean it is being increasingly favored by health-care providers. Certified sonographers should, therefore, continue to achieve excellent salary levels.

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What Does The Prefix Fibro Mean

"

Fibro" is a prefix used in medical terminology to denote fibrous tissues in the body. The term originates from the Latin "fibra," which also refers to fibrous tissues.

Fibrous Tissue

The prefix "fibro" is used almost exclusively to describe fibrous tissue in the body. These are connective tissues that create the basic framework of a cell and are the first tissues to form during the healing of a wound. Fibroblasts are a type of animal cell that grow and multiply to heal the body, with the suffix "blast" referring to an activated stem cell. Collagen, the protein that gives tissues in the body their strength and flexibility, is a fibrous tissue.

Conditions With the Prefix "Fibro"

Conditions involving fibrous connective tissues can occur nearly anywhere in the body because collagen composes about a quarter of the body's proteins. Because of this, many conditions may use the prefix; however, a great deal of medical research focuses on three conditions: fibrosis, fibromyalgia and fibrocystic breast condition.

Fibrosis

Fibrosis, or fibroplasia, is a condition in which connective tissues invade organs of the body due to inflammation; however, it can also simply refer to the growth of fibrous tissue. Cystic fibrosis is the most common genetically inherited disease and causes a change in the genetic coding for a specific type of protein. This leads to a malfunction of the cell membrane in certain parts of the body, with improperly functioning organs causing life-threatening conditions.

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a condition in which muscle fibers and connective tissue experience widespread pain and is the term most closely associated with the prefix when used by itself. The causes of the condition are not well understood, and diagnosis is difficult. The prefix "fibro" is used for this condition because the symptoms are most closely related to muscle fibers, not proteins as is the case with fibrosis.

Fibrocystic Breast Condition

Fibrocystic breast condition, or FCC, causes non-cancerous lumps in the breasts of human females. A biopsy is taken from the affected area, and a diagnosis is made if the sample is found to contain fibrous tissue. This condition is not associated with dangerous or life-threatening side effects.

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Topics For Writing An Argumentative Essay

Newspapers cover controversial issues.

An argumentative essay presents an argument on a conflicting or controversial issue. Conflicting issues support perspectives that are at odds with each other. Normally, argumentative essays are five paragraphs long and consist of an introduction, body and conclusion, with the argument presented in the introduction.

Current Issues in the News

The news is a fruitful place for argumentative essay topics. Check local, national and international newspapers, magazines and journals for current issues in society. In addition to covering current events, newspapers also include editorial and opinion sections where staff and readers express their opinions on issues. Watch television news broadcasts for breaking news stories or recurring or hot topics. Read Internet news sources for the most up-to-date news information.

Controversial Topics

Controversial issues are suitable argumentative essay topics because they offer strongly opposing viewpoints and make for an interesting read. Because these kinds of topics divide people so strongly, you will likely know what side you wish to argue almost immediately. Controversial topics include global warming, abortion, gay marriage, legalization of prostitution, gun registration, the death penalty, creationism and more.

Personal Topics

Many topics that are suitable for an argumentative essay do not require any research. Topics that are personal to you are appropriate if you do not have a lot of knowledge of social issues or do not have time to do research. Such topics include sports, hobbies, school and family. You could argue the disadvantages of school uniforms, why your school needs more sports teams or why parents should extend or tighten curfews.

Researching Your Essay

If you do choose a social issue, researching your topic will lend credibility to your argument. Generally anything published by an educational institution, the government or a reputable news source is considered a legitimate source. Check newspapers, magazines, journals and the Internet. Check statistics websites for the facts on marriages, divorces, births etc. Interview a person invested in the issue you are discussing, such as a local politician or a pro-life clinic representative. If this is for a school assignment, check with your teacher properly cite your research.

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Rent A Food Booth At The Georgia National Fair

Apply for a booth to sell your food items.

The Georgia National Fair, held annually in October in Perry, Georgia, began in 1990 and has won awards from the International Association of Fairs and Expositions and other organizations. The fair has livestock competitions, horse shows, entertainment and food. The Georgia National Schoolhouse is available for field trips where students can learn about agriculture and enjoy the fair. If you want to rent a food booth during the fair, download an application from the fair's website, fill it out and submit it. Submitting the application does not guarantee that you will get a booth.

Instructions

1. Go to the Georgia National Fair website, click on "Fair Tour" and then click on "Vendors" in the drop-down menu. The Vendors page appears. A "Vendor Application Form" link is near the top of the page.

2. Click on the link to download the application form. Print out the form.

3. Fill out the business name and phone number, and your name, title and mailing address. Check "Concession Exhibit" under "Type of exhibit" and indicate whether you want your space to be inside or outside.

4. Indicate the amount of space you need, whether you have previously participated in the Georgia National Fair, your electrical requirements, whether you have a trailer or tent and how you plan to use the booth. In case no space is available when you first apply for your booth, indicate how much notice you will need in order to participate if a cancellation results in an opening for you.

5. List in the References section other fairs or festivals where you have had a booth.

6. Describe your display. List any products you plan to sell, the price of each product and whether you need an RV reservation.

7. Sign and date the application and provide your email address.

8. Make a copy of the completed application for your records.

9. Mail the completed application and a photo of your display to the address listed on the application form.

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Health Risks Of Industrial Pcb Xray Machines

PCBs can be a health risk associated with the use of x-ray machines.

As the application of x-rays in the workplace increases, so does concern over their effects on health. Some industrial x-rays contain polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, and although these are necessary for proper instrument functioning, they are extremely hazardous to the human body, especially in large doses.

Cancer

According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, exposure to PCBs in x-rays is usually the result of a person's occupation. PCBs can be inhaled or come in contact with a person through the skin, but there is a correlation between PCB volatility and increased temperatures. According to the California Department of Public Health, small doses of PCB don't have any major effects, but large doses clearly increase cancer rates in animals. Although there is no concrete evidence of PCBs causing cancer in humans, the CDPH recommends avoiding unnecessary PCB exposure.

Chloracne

According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, or ATSDR, exposure to PCBs has been found to cause chloracne. This type of acne is caused by inflammatory responses to PCBs and is an especially painful and persistent form of the condition, according to the California Department of Public Health. Chloracne can appear in a variety of places on the body, even those not normally affected by acne. According to the ATSDR, the resulting cysts can become inflamed or even infected.

PCBs and Fire

PCBs become even more dangerous when involved in fire and released as by-products of combustion, according to the California Department of Public Health. When they are burned, PCBs form polychlorinated dibenzofurans, or PCDFs, and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, or PCDDs. The chance of inhaling these substances is much greater than the likelihood of being exposed to other forms of PCBs, which increases their toxicity and cancer-causing aspects. However, the California Department of Public Health reports that only small amounts of PCDFs and PCDDs are released in fires. In addition to cancer and chloracne, PCDFs and PCDDs can cause skin and eye irritation, headaches and nausea.

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Different Ways Math Is Used In Nursing

Nurses use math daily.

Math is not a subject most would associate with nursing. However, nurses employ math skills every day they are on the job. Each time a nurse administers medication, calculates a patient's height or weight or stocks her cart with supplies, she must utilize math.

Drug Calculations

Nurses who work in hospitals must ensure that the proper doses of medications are administered to their patients. The doctor's order will commonly call for a dosage of medication that the hospital's pharmacy does not carry. For example, a doctor may order 150mg of a medication that is manufactured only in 100mg tablets or 300mg scored tablets. If the hospital's pharmacy only carries 100mg tablets of the prescribed medication, the nurse must calculate how many tablets should be administered to the patient.

Additionally, nurses must calculate drip rates when hanging IVs. For example, if the physician orders 1000mg of a medication that has 10mg in each milliliter, the nurse must calculate how many drops per minute should be administered to the patient through the IV.

Patient Height and Weight

Nurses must measure patients' heights and weights. Though the measuring process is typically simple and involves only elementary math skills, some health care facilities require nurses to convert a weight in pounds to kilograms and a height in inches to centimeters for the patient's chart.

Inventory

Regardless of the facility nurses choose to work in, all nurses must manage inventory of some type. Hospital floor nurses who are responsible for primary patient care also manage the inventory of their patients' medications. Operating room nurses are responsible for inventory of operating room supplies, and wound care nurses are responsible for inventory of wound care supplies. The math required in these circumstances is similar to that of basic accounting.

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College Requirements For A Radiology Tech

As of 2009, radiology tech positions generally start around $15 an hour, with experienced techs making up to almost $30 an hour. Radiology techs are responsible for operating radiography equipment, producing x-rays, CTs and MRIs, dealing with patients and determining if the images that result are of high enough quality for the doctors to use for diagnosis.

Prerequisites

Most certificate and degree programs have no specific prerequisites; a strong background in anatomy, biology and physics from high school helps.

College Programs

While it is possible to get a certificate in one year, if you want to specialize in a particular type of radiographic technology, you will need to complete an Associate's or Bachelor's program in radiography.

Accreditation

As of 2009, 600 programs have been accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiological Technology.

Courses

Classes you will take in college will include anatomy and physiology, radiation protection and physics, pathology, principles of imaging, medical terminology and positioning patients.

Certification

If you graduate from an accredited program, you may choose to take an exam and become a certified radiological technologist. Only 38 states currently have the exam and certification available.

Continuing Education

If you choose to become certified, you will be required to complete 24 additional hours of study, or continue education in radiology every two years.

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Natural Ways To Combat Breast Soreness

The first step to combat breast soreness is self-education about its symptoms and causes. According to renowned breast-care specialist Dr. Dixie Mills, breast cancer is rarely the cause of breast pain, which is many women's fears. She recommends women rule out this fear by seeing their doctor, getting a breast exam and having an ultrasound. Once you have eliminated that worry, there are three main strategies for treating the pain.

Change Your Habits

Breast tenderness, also called mastalgia, is commonly caused by hormonal fluctuation. Mastalgia can manifest as a variety of symptoms, including discomfort, soreness or pain in one or both breasts when touched. Menopause, pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy and menstruation are all causes of hormonal fluctuation. A sedentary lifestyle is a major contributor to hormonal flux. Simple habit changes can be very effective at reducing breast pain. Gynecologist Robert Shirley recommends moderate exercise, like walking to reduce breast pain. Registered nurse Kerry McGinn, author of "The Informed Woman's Guide to Breast Health," suggests wearing a good support bra to reduce tissue strain and placing lamb's wool inside it. According to McGinn, the feeling of the wool against the beast sends a comfort message to the brain that "crowds out" the pain message caused by mastalgia. McGinn says that chilling the breasts with ice packs can reduce throbbing pain and that even visualizing your breasts resting on warm sand can reduce stress enough to relieve pain.

Change Your Diet

According to Dr. Mills, caffeine ingestion is a major contributor to breast pain. Caffeine contains a chemical called methylxanthine, which makes blood cells swell or dilate. This swelling can cause breasts to distend. Chocolate is also a source of methylxanthine.

Dr. David P. Rose, chief of the Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology at the American Health Foundation, reports that lowering fat consumption reduces estrogen levels, as well as breast pain. According to Dr. Rose, women in the Foundation's study found that reducing their fat intake to 20 percent of their overall calories significantly reduced breast pain.

Dr. Shirley also recommends reducing salt intake. Salt encourages fluid retention that can boost breast pain. He recommends staying away from processed foods, and those with more than 300 milligrams of salt per serving.

Try Natural Remedies

Dr. Susan Lark, director of the PMS and Menopause Self-Help Center in Los Altos, California, recommends using the herbal diuretics Sarsaparilla, buchu and uva-ursi, which can also aid in reduction of fluid retention, that are available in most health food stores. Dr. Lark advises that foods like parsley, celery and cucumbers also have diuretic properties.

Dr. Mills recommends applying topical iodine to sore breasts. According to Dr. Mills, iodine should be applied "in a quarter-sized area once a night on the breast until the brown spot persists overnight." Iodine application should reduce swelling, although the exact mechanism for this reduction is unknown.

Tags: breast pain, According Mills, Change Your, fluid retention, fluid retention that, hormonal fluctuation, major contributor

Care For Black Tourmaline

Tourmaline is a semi-precious gemstone that comes in many colors, including black. Legends about black tourmaline say it can cleanse and protect from negative spiritual and emotional energy. You will find this gemstone available as jewelry or as a loose stone. No matter whether the tourmaline is in a jewelry setting or loose, it requires care to keep the color from fading, to keep it clean and to prevent scratches or fractures. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Clean black tourmaline with a soft cloth and mild soap. Use hand soap or a dishwashing soap. Brush away heavy soil with a damp toothbrush.

2. Protect the color and prevent cracks by keeping the stone away from prolonged heat or sudden temperature changes. This means not leaving it on a windowsill or other areas beneath the hot sun's rays, and not cleaning it with steam.

3. Store black tourmaline away from harder gemstones, such as diamonds, rubies, topaz and sapphire. Tourmaline hardness is between 7 and 7.5 on the Mohs scale -- anything harder than that can scratch it.

4. Remove black tourmaline jewelry before cleaning your house. This is to avoid exposing this gem to household chemicals. Except for mild soaps, household cleaners contain potentially damaging chemicals.

Tags: black tourmaline, away from, tourmaline jewelry

Becoming An Ultrasound Technician

Ultrasound technicians must have the knowledge to use ultrasound diagnostic equipment.

Ultrasound technicians use sound waves to create an image for diagnostic purposes. States do not require licensure for ultrasound technicians, but certification can enhance job opportunities. Certification demonstrates the technician's knowledge of the field and specialty procedures in sonography. Ultrasound technicians work in hospitals, physician offices and health care facilities generating diagnostic images for physicians and health care professionals.

Education

An ultrasound technician can obtain an associate or bachelor's degree education in medical sonography to qualify for a position. The student learns anatomy, sonography instrumentation, physiology, physics, ethics and procedures for patient care in a degree program. Candidates may also qualify for a position with a certificate program in sonography, which may take one year to complete.

Certification

An ultrasound technician does not require licensure or certification, but it may improve the job opportunities available to the candidate. The American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography offers a credential as a Registered Diagnostic Medical Sonographer for candidates who meet the educational requirements along with passing an examination.

Examination

Ultrasound technicians seeking certification must pass an examination to qualify. The examination tests the technician's knowledge and skill using medical diagnostic equipment. For example, the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography uses the Sonography Principles and Instrumentation examination to evaluate candidate's knowledge. The content on the examination includes patient identification, physics, ultrasound transducers and pulse echo instrumentation.

Skills

The ultrasound technician must have good communication skills to explain technical information to patients in a non-technical manner. A good bedside manner is necessary to work with patients during the procedure. An ultrasound technician must be prepared for additional training and education throughout the career to stay up to date on technology and procedures.

Specialties

Ultrasound technicians may specialize in different areas such as obstetrics and gynecology, breast examination, abdomen, fetal echocardiography and neurosonology, according to the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography. The technician can advance in the field with certifications in more than one specialty.

Tags: Diagnostic Medical, Ultrasound technicians, American Registry, American Registry Diagnostic, Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Medical Sonography

Chemotherapy Treatments For Breast Cancer

Chemotherapy is a very common treatment for many different types of cancer, including breast cancer. Chemotherapy utilizes drugs in order to destroy or slow down the growth and spreading of quickly multiplying cancerous cells. In general, chemotherapy involves a combination of different drugs to treat breast cancer, because several drugs prove to be stronger and more effective than a single drug treatment alone.

Function

Chemotherapy drugs are either given orally (by the mouth) or intravenously (by injecting them directly into a vein). Upon the drugs entering into the bloodstream, they spread to all other parts of the body in order to get to cancer cells that have moved far beyond the breast. Chemotherapy treatment is done in cycles followed by periods of recovery. Although the time frame varies depending on the drugs used, chemotherapy generally lasts between six months and a year.

Time Frame

Chemotherapy is usually given to a breast cancer patient after the patient undergoes breast removal surgeries, such as mastectomies and lumpectomies. This applies to when the breast cancer is limited to only the breast or the lymph nodes. However, chemotherapy can also be given to women whose cancer has spread to other body parts (metastatic breast cancer).

Side Effects

Some potential side effects of chemotherapy treatments include hair loss, mouth sores, appetite loss, feelings of nausea, vomiting, menstrual cycle changes, higher chance of infection (because of decreased white blood cells), fatigue, excessive bleeding and bruising, among others.

Common Chemotherapy Drugs

There are several different common chemotherapy drugs that are often used to treat breast cancer. These drugs include cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, trastuzumab, taxanes, anthracyclines, capecitabine and vinorelbine.

Considerations

When a medical professional determines a specific chemotherapy treatment plan for a specific breast cancer patient, there are a lot of different factors that are used for consideration. These include a person's overall health, medical history and age, the stage of cancer and type of cancer, a person's tolerance for specific medications and procedures, whether an individual is menstruating or not, and the patient's personal preference and opinion as well.

Tags: breast cancer, breast cancer, breast cancer patient, cancer patient, spread other, treat breast, treat breast cancer

What Is A Jacksonpratt Skin Graft

Postsurgical wound drainage system

Jackson-Pratt does not refer to a type of skin graft; rather, it is the brand name for a medical device that surgeons use to drain fluids from patients after many types of surgery, including certain skin grafting procedures.

Your Skin

Skin covers your entire body and is the largest single organ in humans. The outer layer (epidermis), comprises about 5 percent of your skin, and the thicker inner layer (dermis), comprises the other 95 percent.

Skin Grafts

According to Medline Plus, a service of the National Institutes of Health, skin grafts may be performed for a variety of reasons, including treatment of very large wounds or burns, and skin loss due to skin ulcers, infection or skin cancer.

Types of Grafts

A surgeon will remove healthy skin from a person's body at the so-called donor site. MedLine Plus states that most people require a split-thickness skin graft, which uses the two top layers of skin from the epidermis and the entire dermis. The donor site for this type of graft is often the buttocks or inner thigh. A full-thickness skin graft is needed when people experience deeper tissue loss and is a more complicated procedure. A surgeon must remove the entire thickness of skin from the donor site, along with muscles and the blood supply. This type of graft is commonly taken from skin and muscle flaps in the back or the abdominal wall.

Fluid Buildup

Fluid often collects in areas where surgery is performed. Aside from causing pain and swelling, this fluid buildup can slow the healing process and increase the risk of getting a post-operative infection.

Draining the Fluid

A Jackson-Pratt drain is a self-contained suction system. It comprises a thin rubber tube to which a soft round squeeze bulb is attached. A surgeon will insert one end of the tube into the part of the body where fluid is accumulating. The other end of the tube is passed through a small incision (cut) in the skin. The squeeze bulb is attached to this end of the tubing. When the bulb is pressed flat, it creates suction that pulls the fluid into the bulb, where it collects.

Recovery

According to Medline Plus, patients usually recover within two to four weeks after a split-thickness skin graft. After a full-thickness graft, patients generally remain in the hospital for a week or two and require a longer recovery period. The amount of fluid that drains from the wound decreases as healing begins. If a patient remains in a hospital setting, his health care provider will monitor the drainage and determine when to remove the Jackson-Pratt drain. If a patient is caring for a wound at home, he will need to follow careful instructions provided by his health care provider. If the drain stays in place longer than needed or is not cared for properly, the patient may get an infection and his wound may not heal properly.

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Tags: skin graft, donor site, skin from, According Medline, According Medline Plus