Chest Radiography Tutorial

Chest radiography is a more formal term for the process of obtaining chest x-rays. This procedure involves the use of controlled bursts of x-ray radiation to create usable images of the chest's internal organs and structures, including the lungs, heart, blood vessels, ribs, and spinal bones. Once these images are made, they are used to detect the presence of numerous illnesses or abnormalities.

Reasons for a Chest X-Ray

According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health, you may be scheduled for a chest x-ray for a wide variety of reasons. Common symptoms that indicate the need for an x-ray include chest pain, persistent coughing, breathing difficulties, and coughing that produces blood. You may also require an x-ray if you suffer direct trauma to your chest, or if you exhibit signs of lung cancer, tuberculosis, emphysema, pneumonia, or other lung or chest disorders.

X-Ray Procedures

Typically, your x-rays will be taken in either the radiology department of a hospital or in your doctor's office. In both cases, the procedure will be performed by a qualified x-ray technician. If you are pregnant, inform your doctor or the x-ray technician in advance. As a rule, you should not seek a chest x-ray if your pregnancy is in its first six months. Immediately prior to your procedure, you will need to remove any obstructing jewelry and replace the clothes on your upper body with a hospital gown.

During the procedure, a technician will position you near the film or digital medium used to record the x-ray image. He will then ask you to hold your breath while x-rays are aimed through your chest toward the film. Typically, he will obtain an image of your chest from front to back (a posterior-anterior view), as well as an image of your chest from one side to the other (a lateral view). The whole process is usually done in roughly ten minutes. Once your procedure is finished, the results will be reviewed by a physician who specializes in interpreting x-ray images (a radiologist), who will then pass on his findings to your doctor. Your doctor will use these findings to make an accurate diagnosis of your condition, or to clear you if no abnormalities are uncovered. If necessary, the x-ray process may be repeated to confirm the initial results, explore other potential disease processes, or monitor an ongoing condition.

Safety Issues

Your x-ray technician will take steps to ensure your safety throughout the x-ray process. According to the American Heart Association, your radiation exposure during the average chest x-ray is equal to roughly one-fifth of the exposure you would receive from natural sun and ground radiation in one year. The general consensus is that the value of the information gained through a chest x-ray far outweighs the risks of radiation side effects. X-ray exposure has a proportionately larger effect on children. Consult your doctor if you are concerned about exposure levels for yourself or your child.

Tags: your chest, your doctor, chest x-ray, x-ray technician, chest from, image your, image your chest

The Advantages & Disadvantages Of Mainframe Computers

Mainframes are used in environments that require high processing power.

A mainframe computer is a scaled-up version of a regular computer with increased performance and processing power. They are usually very large and serve many users simultaneously, being more specific to corporate environments. There isn't a clear line between which aspects of mainframe computers can be considered an advantage and which are a disadvantage, as the usage scenarios can vary from one business to another. However, a few facts can help you draw the conclusions for your usage needs.

Installation

The physical size and the hardware components of a mainframe computer are different than the ones of a regular computer, making mainframes more complicated to set up. Mainframe computers also need special operating systems and software to be able to take full advantage of their hardware, which complicates the installation process even more. Also, a mainframe is accessed through a terminal, and the installation and configuration of each terminal can take time and money.

Costs

One of the most noticeable disadvantages of a mainframe computer is its cost, which is significantly higher than the cost of a regular computer. However, the implementation of a mainframe computer that does the work of several other computers can prove to be a more profitable solution over time in terms of upgradeability, as fewer components will need to be replaced or upgraded to enhance the performance of the mainframe and thus the experience of each user, as opposed to a network of computers where each computer needs to be upgraded individually.

Stability

A major advantage of mainframes is that they are very stable compared to other types of computers. This is especially useful in a usage environment where uptime is very important. A hardware problem, however, will affect all the users that work with that mainframe, and can bring all the users to a complete halt.

Uses

You can use a mainframe in multiple ways. The users connect to a mainframe with a terminal that has a screen and keyboard, but usually no processing device, relying on the mainframe to do their tasks. You can use a regular computer as a terminal, however, which gives users the ability to process smaller tasks on the computer and use the mainframe for more complex tasks, balancing its use and increasing the number of users that can benefit from its increased processing power.

Tags: mainframe computer, regular computer, processing power, users that

What Is Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the second deadliest form of cancer for women in the United States. Men can also contract breast cancer, yet it is not as common. According to the Mayo Clinic, it was predicted in 2007 that some 2000 men would come down with breast cancer, compared to 178,000 women.

Identification

Symptoms can include a change in the nipple or size and contour of the breast, breast lump or bloody discharge from the nipple, or a flattening of the skin on the breast.

Warning

Risk factors include family medical history, being a woman older than 50, genetic predisposition, exposure to radiation, obesity, those with early menstrual cycles or late menopause, and those who have had hormonal treatments.

Features

Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast grow abnormally and overtake healthy cells.

Types

The types of common surgeries performed to treat breast cancer are a radical mastectomy and simple mastectomy or lumpectomy.

History

Radical mastectomies are not as common as they once were in treating breast cancer.

Prevention/Solution

Breast cancer is typically treated with surgery and treatment. Treatments will depend on the stage of the cancer. Treatments might include radiation, chemotherapy or hormone therapy.

Tags:

Lose Chest Fat Quickly

Choose exercises that will burn the most calories.

Different products claim to burn off calories and build muscles in your chest overnight. Unfortunately, it is completely up to your own individual metabolism, according to Web MD. Some people store fat in specific parts of their body, and to lose chest fat quickly, you need a combination of changes in your diet and a new exercise routine. Eat foods that will fuel the body more efficiently and choose a mixture of cardiovascular and chest-strength training to fight the chest fat.

Instructions

1. Eat a healthy breakfast every day. According to the Mayo Clinic, skipping breakfast increases the body's insulin response, which in turn increases fat and weight gain. Choose a breakfast with healthy protein, such as egg whites, and fiber, such as whole fruits. Also, eat complex carbohydrates, such as whole wheat cereal, to give you energy and make you feel full.

2. Snack twice a day and eat smaller meals. Eat snacks, such as almonds, which have good fats and lean protein. Eating smaller meals burns more calories because the digestive system uses energy to break down the food. Eat balanced meals high in vegetables, fruit, lean protein and 1/2 cup of complex carbohydrates, such as brown rice and whole grain bread.

3. Drink green or black tea with caffeine. The caffeine in these teas increases energy and helps burn more fat from your chest. Tea has no calories and may have fat-fighting effects, according to Web MD.

4. Swim as much as you can. Take up swimming for cardiovascular exercise. According to "Men's Health," swimming burns 280 to 400 calories in half an hour and it works the chest muscles. Work on some kind of cardiovascular exercise six days a week, even if it is just a 30-minute brisk walk.

5. Lift weights two days a week when beginning, and then move up to three days a week for your overall body tone. Weight lifting increases the amount of calories and fat you burn. Restricting calorie intake may reduce muscle mass, so lifting weights counteracts that loss. Also, as you age, muscle mass is being lost.

6. Bench press to work on chest muscles. Lie down on the bench facing upwards. Hold the barbell above your head so that your arms are parallel to each other. Starting with a low weight, pull the barbell down so that it is a few inches above your chest. Be sure to exhale when you lift the weight and inhale when you release. Repeat the bench press 10 times, rest and then try two more sets. Increase the weight once you can easily perform 12 reps.

7. Move the bench to a 45 degree angle, so you are sitting up, for another chest exercise. Pull the barbell to your chest 10 times. Take a rest and then try two more sets.

8. Lift a barbell from the floor in front of your body 10 times. Start with your back straight and use your legs to lift the weight. Then lift the weight up and just over your head. Perform two sets for each arm. This works your chest, arms and abdomen.

Tags: your chest, days week, lift weight, above your, carbohydrates such, cardiovascular exercise

Medicare Supplements For People Under 65 In Nebraska

Nebraska residents under 65 can qualify for supplemental Medicare programs.

Though designed primarily for the elderly, Medicare is also available to those under 65 who have been on Social Security disability (SSDI) for two years. Like seniors, those under 65 should consider supplemental insurance to help fill the gaps left by original Medicare (parts A and B). Insurance providers in Nebraska offer several supplemental options for those under 65.

Original Medicare

Original Medicare is made up of two parts. Part A covers hospitalization, skilled nursing care, hospice care and some home health care. Though Part A usually doesn't require the payment of any monthly premium, users who are hospitalized must pay a substantial co-pay ($1,000 or more). Part B covers doctor visits, outpatient care and durable medical equipment. There is a separate premium for Part B, which is normally deducted from your social security. Part B has an annual deductible ($100 or more) and co-pays of 20% or more. These costs can add up quickly, which is why most Medicare recipients get supplemental coverage.

Medicare Supplements

Medicare supplements are regulated by the federal government, so that each plan has the same benefits no matter which company you purchase it from. Nebraska insurance companies are not required to offer a plan to Medicare beneficiaries who are under 65. Those that do (Liberty National, Sterling Life and United American) offer coverage at a higher premium than for someone over 65 and also require the insured to answer health questions.

Medicare Part D

Medicare Part D is Medicare's prescription coverage. Like Medicare supplement plans, Part D is offered through private companies, and there is a monthly premium. There is a penalty for not enrolling in Part D as soon as you're eligible, so it's critical to have a Part D plan. If you purchase a supplement, you will need a standalone Part D plan. If you get a Medicare Advantage plan, your Part D coverage should be included. Numerous companies offer Part D coverage in Nebraska; for information on these plans go to Medicare.gov or call the Nebraska Senior Health Insurance Information Program.

Medicare Advantage

Medicare Advantage plans work with Medicare. They are offered through private companies and become your primary coverage, though you still have all your rights as a Medicare beneficiary. These plans are usually Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) or Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), which means you need to choose your medical provider from a network. There are also Private Fee-for-Service plans. These plans do not have a network; individual providers decide whether they will accept the terms of the plan. Several companies offer Medicare Advantage plans in Nebraska, including Advantra/Coventry, Humana, AARP, United Healthcare, Today's Options, SecureHorizons, SecurityChoice and Sterling Life Insurance.

Tags: Medicare Advantage, those under, Advantage plans, companies offer, Medicare Advantage plans

The Cost Benefits Of Medicaid

Medicaid seeks to keep cost benefits low while maintaining and improving health benefits.

With health-care costs increasing due to eligibility expansion from population, a national recession and inflation, Medicaid costs have increased as of September 2010. The program has tried to control mounting expenses while improving the quality of service, moving toward managed care in its efforts and providing a federal safety net for severe and costly health-care needs. National health-care reform will increase costs to $20.4 billion over 10 years in the long-term and $402.8 billion involving economic health-care activity in the short term, according to the Texas Health and Human Services Commission.

AIDS Cost Benefits

Medicaid is the largest single payer toward the care of persons living with AIDS and children who have AIDS, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service's Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. With direct medical care of $3.3 billion, Medicaid financial services account for 53 percent of people living with AIDS and 90 percent of AIDS-infected children.

Child and Maternal Care

Medicaid benefits 60 percent of poor children and their mothers, according to the agency. With children representing half the recipients, Medicaid pays close to a third for United States births. Subsidized acute care provides poor mothers and children with health opportunities without paying out-of pocket expenses for the entire cost.

Elderly Benefits

With 60 percent of the Medicaid program going toward spending for the elderly, disabled and blind, Medicaid pays close to half of all nursing home care in the United States. $62.6 billion covers a quarter of these Medicaid recipients with these high expenses funding long-term care services, the agency reports.

Tags: Benefits Medicaid, Cost Benefits, Cost Benefits Medicaid, Health Human, living with

Treat Cancer

Cancer is a condition characterized by the uncontrolled multiplication of cells lining the body of an individual. As per the National Cancer Institute, nearly 1,479,350 patients are diagnosed with different forms of cancer annually in the United States, out of whom approximately 562,340 succumb to the disease. There are more than 200 different cancer forms, which are generally named after the organ or the cells from where they originate. Treatment methods for each form of cancer vary depending on the internal spreading of the malignant cells; however there are certain common treatments which are used widely to treat patients afflicted with different cancer forms.

Instructions

Cancer Treatments

1. Undergo surgery. Surgical removal of the cancerous cells is one of the most common treatment methods. During the surgical procedure the malignant cells are surgically removed from the patient's body in order to prevent their subsequent proliferation and spreading throughout the body. Various forms of surgeries are performed. These include cryosurgery, laproscopy and general surgery depending upon the cancer form. Cryosurgery involves using argon gas or liquid nitrogen in order to freeze and destroy the abnormal cells. In laproscopy a thin incision is made on the body through which a tube (laproscpope) is sent to kill the cancer cells.

2. Consider chemotherapy as a possible treatment option. Chemotherapy is a treatment method which uses drugs to destroy the cancer cells. During a chemo session anti-cancer drugs like Pacitaxel and Cisplatin are injected through the blood stream of the patient. These drugs travel through the individual's body killing the malignant cells on their way. Combining more than one anti-cancer drug during treatment is common as the drugs work in tandem in destroying the malignant cells.

According to the National Cancer Institute, chemotherapy can sometimes be used as the only treatment method to treat the cancer patients, however more often it is used along with other treatments like surgery and radiation therapy.

3. Look into radiation therapy as a viable treatment option. Radiation therapy involves subjecting the cancer cells to high energy light beams such as X-rays or gamma rays, which help in destroying the abnormal cells and shrink the tumors thus averting their subsequent metastasis. External radiation therapy and internal therapy (also called brachytherapy) are two forms of radiation therapy used, depending on the positioning of the cancer cells. External therapy is basically used to treat external tumors and it involves using an external light source to irradiate the malignant cells. Brachytherapy is used to treat internal tumors and involves positioning radioactive seeds near the cancer cells.

4. Consider other treatments like use of angiogenesis inhibitors and biological therapy to treat your condition. Use of angiogenesis inhibitors help cut off the blood supply to the cancer cells, thus preventing their further growth and metastasis. Biological therapy, also called Immunotherapy, uses your own immune system to fight cancer. In this procedure synthetic forms of the immune system components are administered to the patient. These forms work alongside the natural forms, thus making your immune system work harder and in a more efficient manner.

Tags: cancer cells, malignant cells, immune system, radiation therapy, your immune system, abnormal cells, also called

Types Of Breastreduction Surgeries

Breast-reduction surgery is typically an option for women who are not comfortable with their large breast size. While it is advised that women try less invasive methods of breast reduction, such as exercise and minimizer bras, many women would like a fast and permanent way to deal with the discomforts that come along with large breasts.

Reduction mammoplasty

Reduction mammoplasty is basically a surgical procedure that removes breast skin and tissue to give the breasts a better shape and a smaller size. Incisions are made into the breast to remove excess tissue and are then closed with stitches. This procedure normally takes three to five hours.

Mastopexy

Breast lifts are another form of surgery that alters the size and shape of the breasts. A breast lift, however, usually only requires the removal of excess skin rather than skin and tissue. For this procedure, excess skin is removed from the bottom of the breasts and around the areola. The skin is then brought together, which makes the breasts tighter and and lifted.

After the procedure

After procedure is over, the breasts are wrapped in gauze and an elastic bandage or a surgical bra. Medicine is administered and prescribed for the pain that will follow over the next few days or weeks. Swelling and bruising can also be expected to last for a couple of weeks as well.

Satisfaction

Breast-reduction surgery patients are generally happy with the results of their breast alterations. They usually find that the surgery improves each of their complaints about large breasts, and they don't experience any further discomforts caused by large breasts unless the breast size increases again due to weight gain or pregnancy.

Risks

Common risks of breast reduction surgery includes scarring, unevenly positioned nipples, breasts that aren't the same size or shape, loss of feeling in the nipples, inability to breast feed and infection.

Tags: large breasts, After procedure, breast reduction, breast size, Breast-reduction surgery, excess skin

Disabled Veterans Benefits For Children

Children of disabled veterans are often awarded specific benefits.

Children of disabled veterans are awarded specific benefits based on the presumption that they have sacrificed their childhoods because of their parent's disability. This mindset follows in the manner that soldiers sacrifice all or part of themselves for the country. Two basic factors in awarding these benefits are if the program specifically allows for payment to children and if the relationship between the veteran and the child can be proven.

Pensions and Compensation

Children of disabled veterans are eligible to receive pensions. Pensions are awarded to veterans based on financial need, and the veteran must have a disability. The disability does not need to be service connected. If the veteran precedes his or her family in death, then the pension may be extended to the surviving spouse or minor child. For children, the pension ends when they turn eighteen.

Education

With very few exceptions, children of disabled veterans are awarded education benefits. These benefits may cover all or part of tuition for a vocational school or college. The amounts vary by state, but in all cases the student must attend a state school in the state of residence. This means that if a student applies for benefits in California, she must attend a public college, university or vocational school in that state.

Health Care

Spouses and children of disabled veterans with service-connected disorders are eligible for CHAMPVA health care. This is the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs, and it provides health insurance to families of disabled veterans.

Tags: disabled veterans, Children disabled, awarded specific, awarded specific benefits, children disabled, Children disabled veterans, children disabled veterans

Massage Schools In The Phoenix Area

Arizona has several massage training programs

Thanks to the popularity of spas and resorts, massage is a rapidly-growing field that offers licensed therapists the opportunity to practice in a wide range of settings. To be eligible for licensure, the Arizona Board of Massage Therapy requires 700 curriculum hours of massage education from an accredited massage school and passing scores on the National Certification Exam for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork. Several programs in Arizona offer the required training programs and clinical practice for certification.

Arizona School of Massage Therapy

The Arizona School of Massage Therapy is located in Tempe, near the Arizona Mills Mall. It offers the Professional Massage Therapy Program, a 7-month course that provide students with more than 800 curriculum hours. Classes include Eastern and Western theory, anatomy and physiology, cranial sacral therapy, trigger point therapy, business skills, safety and treatments for specific pain or dysfunction.

Arizona School of Massage Therapy

10000 N. 31st Avenue

Suite D-100

Phoenix, AZ 85051

480-983-2222

arizonasmt.com

Southwest Institute of Healing Arts

Situated near Arizona State University's main campus in Tempe, the Professional Massage Practitioner program consists of 750 curriculum hours in coursework and clinical hours in two specialty areas. The 11-month program prepares students for licensure exam with courses in basic massage modalities, holistic health care, Asian therapies, anatomy and physiology and business classes.

Southwest Institute of Healing Arts

1100 E. Apache Blvd.

Tempe, AZ 85281

480-994-9244

swiha.edu

West Wind Academy of Massage Therapy

The West Wind Academy is in central Phoenix near the Phoenix Mountain Park. It offers a program with 700 curriculum hours towards licensure. Courses include anatomy and physiology, kinesiology, muscular-skeletal disorders, as well as several massage modalities, such as Swedish and Medical massage. The program also features training in ethics, business and marketing and safety.

West Wind Academy of Massage Therapy

6511 N. 7th Street

Phoenix, AZ 85014

602-265-4466

westwindmassageacademy.com

The Bryman School

The Bryman School is located near Canyon Village in north Phoenix. It offers a Professional Massage Therapy program with 650 course hours. Students study anatomy and physiology, as well as instruction on physical ailments and disorders relating to soft tissue injuries. Students participate in a supervised clinic setting, and practice different types of therapy, such as hydrotherapy, sports massage, deep tissue and lymphatic drainage massage styles.

The Bryman School

250 W. Peoria Ave., Suite A-100

Phoenix, AZ 85029

800-729-4819

brymanschool.edu

Tags: Massage Therapy, anatomy physiology, curriculum hours, Arizona School, Arizona School Massage, Bryman School, Professional Massage

Treat A Torn Muscle

Torn muscles, or strains, occur when the muscle or its connecting tendons have been overexerted from activities ranging from sports and exercise to heavy lifting. If you've torn a muscle, you are likely to experience pain, bruising, swelling, and weakness in the injured area. Although it's a good idea to see a doctor to find out the extent of the injury, most non-severe strains can be treated easily at home.

Instructions

1. Take an anti-inflammatory non-steroid such as aspirin or ibuprofen. This will reduce the pain and swelling resulting from the injury.

2. Avoid moving the strained muscle to prevent further injury. Especially within the first 36 hours, a crucial healing period, make sure to protect the affected area. Crutches, canes or slings will support your torn muscle and foster healing.

3. Rest the injured area. Depending on the severity of the strain, limit your use of the torn muscle for 24 to 72 hours after the injury. Resting the torn muscle will contribute to healing and prevent any possible injuries while it is most vulnerable.

4. Apply ice to the strained area. Within 10 to 15 minutes of the injury, start applying ice to the injured area. Continue to ice the muscle for periods of 20 minutes during every hour you're awake for 72 hours following the injury. Applying cold to the injury not only reduces pain and swelling but helps with tissue regeneration. Always make sure the ice is covered with a plastic bag or towel; ice should never touch unprotected skin. Also, avoid applying heat to the injured area during the first 72 hours as it can increase pain and swelling.

5. Compress the torn muscle by wrapping it with an elastic bandage. To reduce internal bleeding and to control swelling, apply firm (but not tight) pressure to the torn muscle continuously for 72 hours following the injury. Compression limits the room for inflammation and restricts blood flow to the area.

6. Keep the injured area elevated for 72 hours. Raising the torn muscle above your heart will also reduce blood flow to the injured area to limit both swelling and pain.

7. Avoid activities that work the affected area. While the torn muscle is tender, avoid movements that put too much strain on the recovering area. Stop any painful activity immediately that could trigger another injury.

Tags: injured area, torn muscle, pain swelling, your torn muscle, affected area, blood flow

School Requirements For Massage Therapy License In Florida

Massage therapists in Florida are required to meet board standards for education.

Florida requires massage therapists to obtain a license to practice in the state. In addition to educational requirements, the Florida Board of Massage Therapy requires license candidates to pass a national examination. The licensee must renew the license every two years in the state by meeting continuing education requirements with board-approved courses.

General Education

The Florida Board of Massage Therapy requires candidates to be at least 18 years old and a graduate of high school. Applicants can also satisfy the requirement with a General Equivalency Diploma (GED).

Massage Therapy Education

Candidates for a massage therapy license must also complete a massage therapy program with a course approved by the Florida Board of Massage Therapy. A massage therapy program includes courses such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, law, techniques, business, kinesiology and contraindications.

Additional Education Requirements

The Florida board also requires students to complete a two-hour course on the prevention of medical errors. This course ensures that patients of massage therapy are protected from medical injury. The course is required for nurses, physical therapists and doctors in the state of Florida. The course teaches massage therapists to view system failures as a reason for medical errors. This allows massage therapists to be aware of the patient environment to prevent errors from occurring.

Additional Certification Requirements

Massage therapists who offer colonic irrigation or colon hydrotherapy must obtain certification after obtaining a massage therapy license. Requirements for certification include a course in colonics from a Florida Board of Massage Therapy approved provider.

License Renewal Education

The state of Florida requires 24 hours of continuing education to renew a massage therapy license. The board requires that a minimum of 12 hours be directly related to massage therapy. The 12-hour requirement must be live classroom instruction. The state requires two hours of ethics training for license renewals. In addition, the board requires two hours of Florida laws and regulations and two hours of medical error prevention. All renewal candidates must complete a course in HIV and AIDS.

Tags: Board Massage, Board Massage Therapy, Florida Board Massage, Florida Board, massage therapy, Massage Therapy, massage therapy license

Know The Best Time To Have Carpal Tunnel Surgery

Know the Best Time to Have Carpal Tunnel Surgery

If you have exhausted all other avenues for relieving the discomfort of carpal tunnel syndrome, you may be asking yourself, "When is the best time to have carpal tunnel surgery?" Only you and your doctor can answer this question, but here are a few steps to help you with this decision.

Instructions

1. Schedule your surgery before your condition worsens. If surgery is the only option, a procedure as early as possible will help prevent nerve damage and inflammation from the pressure of the carpal ligament.

2. Look at your work schedule. If you work in a job that is predictably busier during certain times of year, schedule your surgery at the end of one of the busy cycles so that you can rehabilitate at a recommended pace.

3. Consult with friends and family. If one or both of your hands have limited flexibility and function while you recover, you'll need the help of family and friends to get to appointments at your doctor and physical therapist's offices as well as doing other errands.

4. Talk to your surgeon. They will be able to tell you when it is most advantageous to have your surgery based on the severity of your condition. They may be flexible on this, but if they suggest that action be taken as soon as possible, there are likely to be mitigating circumstances that determine their sense of urgency.

5. Consider your overall health. If you have other ailments other than the carpal tunnel syndrome at the time you want to schedule surgery, you may want to reconsider. For the best possible outcome, you should be healthy whenever you have surgery.

Tags: your surgery, Best Time Have, carpal tunnel, carpal tunnel syndrome, Have Carpal, Know Best, Know Best Time

The Monthly Salary Of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers

Diagnostic medical sonographers take diagnostic images to help doctors identify physical illnesses and problems. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that this job market will increase by 18 percent by 2018, due to the rise in popularity of such diagnostic imaging, as well as the aging of the current sonographers.

National Average

Nationally, the typical diagnostic medical sonographer earns $63,640 in a year. This works out to about $5,303 a month. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are just over 50,000 medical sonographers in the United States.

Average by Employer Numbers

The top three employers of diagnostic medical sonographers are general medical hospitals, offices of physicians and diagnostic or medical laboratories. Most of the sonographers -- an estimated 59 percent of all sonographers -- work in hospitals. There, they bring in a monthly average of $5,314. Meanwhile, those in physician offices rake in $5,318 a month. Finally, those in laboratories typically earn $5,151 monthly as of 2009.

Average by State Employment

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the states that employ the greatest number of diagnostic medical sonographers are Florida, with 4,730 sonographers; Alabama, with 1,090 sonographers and Connecticut, with 1,030 sonographers. On a monthly average, Florida's medical sonographers bring in $4,669. Meanwhile, Alabama's sonographers earn $4,193 a month and those in the Connecticut take in an average of $6,138 every month.

Average by City Employment

The United States cities with the most diagnostic medical sonographers are New Haven, Connecticut; Cape Coral, Florida and Jackson, Tennessee. Sonographers who find haven in New Haven earn a monthly average wage of $6,291. Those in Cape Coral average out $5,422 monthly and Jackson's medical sonographers earn approximately $4,550 every month.

Tags: medical sonographers, Bureau Labor, Bureau Labor Statistics, diagnostic medical, Labor Statistics, monthly average, with sonographers

Cope With A Terminal Prostate Cancer Diagnosis

Cope With a Terminal Prostate Cancer Diagnosis

Prostate of the cancer occurs when a malignant growth attacks this male reproductive organ. A terminal prostate cancer diagnosis can leave you devastated and struggling to cope. You're not expected to (nor should you) try to go it alone. There are many resources available through your healthcare network and within your community to help you cope if you've received a terminal diagnosis.

Instructions

1. Seek a second opinion. Prostate cancer cases usually have a better prognosis than other forms of cancer, and another doctor may be of the opinion that your case is not terminal. This is especially true if you do not fit the profile associated with at-risk individuals.

2. Try your best to accept the facts. This step will take a great deal of time, effort and support, but bear in mind how difficult lingering in denial is on your loved ones, who are also struggling to cope.

3. Join a support group. You're not alone. The vast majority of hospital networks have access to groups who are trying to cope with terminal diagnoses together. Remember that there's strength in numbers.

4. Resolve any lingering life issues. Repair any important damaged relationships in your life, and make sure to take the opportunity to make your loved ones understand how you feel about them while you still have the chance.

5. Make your feelings known. Prepare a will, if you haven't already, and make sure to express any preferences you have about your final arrangements.

6. Let it out. Don't struggle to keep everything inside. A terminal diagnosis is likely the most difficult thing you've ever faced, and it's okay to express an entire range of feelings to friends, relatives and loved ones.

7. Find strength through religion or spirituality. Your priest or minister will be glad to spend time talking with you about the situation you're facing, and he or she can help you reach closure and acceptance in your life.

8. Stop to smell the flowers. Many terminal patients find comfort through their new appreciation of the little things in life. You can, too, as you face this difficult stage in life.

Tags: loved ones, Cope With, Cope With Terminal, make sure, Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, struggling cope

Become A Workplace Health And Safety Officer

Workplace safety officers make sure workers are not injured.

Workplace health and safety officers are managers that oversee the well-being of workers in dangerous work environment. Individuals in the field must be aware of federal, state and local laws, and apply them to making workplaces safe. Employment is available in government and the private sector.

Becoming an officer requires both education and experience moving up through the ranks. Individuals hoping to become a manager or officer should expect to continue their education and attain certification in order to advance.

Instructions

Education

1. Take post-secondary courses in occupational health and safety. While some organizations allow on-the-job training, a degree will help you in the future as you move up the career ladder. Courses can be found in community colleges and four-year universities. Online courses are available. Select courses that focus on health, biology, physics and chemistry.

2. Obtain professional certification in occupational health. While certification is not required by all employers, it offers training to help with advancement. The Bureau of Labor Statics recommends the Council on Certification of Health, Environmental and Safety Technologists, or CCHEST, basic training for people starting out in the field. For those working in the construction industry, CCHEST offers the Construction Health and Safety Technician Certification Program. You can obtain certification through community colleges and four-year universities affiliated with CCHEST.

3. Get on-the-job training and internships. Many schools offering safety studies provide advisers, who will inform you of internship opportunities. On-the-job training provides practical applications for knowledge gained in the classroom. Internships provide networking and offer chances to find jobs in the future.

Advancement

4. Obtain advanced degrees in occupational health and safety. According to the American Society of Safety Engineers, 40% of people in the industry have advanced degrees. Seek out degrees and courses designed for the industry you expect to work in.

5. Gain and maintain additional certifications. Find certifications specific to the industry you work for, or that train for specific health hazards or issues commonly encountered.

CCHEST offers Safety Trained Supervisor Certification programs designed for first-line health and safety managers. This certification offers a chance to move into lower management and advance to higher levels.

6. Join a professional society. Professional societies publish journals that keep safety officers current on changes in the industry, laws and procedures of occupational health and safety. Societies also provide opportunities to network, continue education and participate in conferences. Examples include the American Society of Safety Engineers and the Board of Certified Safety Professionals.

7. Network with other occupational health and safety officers. Keeping current on the job market and making connections though education and professional societies will make you aware of opportunities.

Tags: occupational health, occupational health safety, safety officers, health safety, health safety

Careers In Radiology Information Systems

Data storage and retrieval are concerns in radiology information systems.

According to Biohealthmatics.com, radiology information systems (RIS) are computer systems that assist in the storage, retrieval and use of radiology information. As a branch of health informatics, the number of radiology information systems careers is projected to increase. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs throughout the health informatics field will grow by 20 percent by 2018.

Analyst

A radiology systems analyst plays a supporting role in the maintenance of radiology information systems. Systems analysts are responsible for determining maximize the usefulness and effectiveness of information systems within a radiology department. Analysts may help maintain various types of information systems in addition to the radiology information system--for example, mammography information systems. Qualifications for these types of positions can vary among employers, but most require formal education in computer science or information technology. An associate's degree typically qualifies as adequate education. Payscale.com notes that the average salary for information systems analysts was from $46,754 to $72,181, as of August 2010.

Administrator

Administrators oversee the entire administration of the radiology information system within a facility. Administrators troubleshoot major problems with the computer systems with help from RIS technicians. Administrators are responsible for the ongoing maintenance, implementation and design of configurations that assist in the flow of information in such a way that it improves the clinical application of information. Applicants for RIS administrator positions usually hold a bachelor's degree or higher in the field of computer science or information technology. Several years of experience as an information systems professional is usually required as well. As of August 2010, the average pay for RIS administrators was from $51,508 to $76,679, according to Payscale.com.

Technician

Technicians handle much of the hands-on work in the field of radiology information technology. Technicians install, repair and configure computers connected to the RIS network in order to help maintain efficient functioning of the entire information operation. Technicians work with administrators to implement changes to network configurations and troubleshoot problems that arise. Technicians may also be responsible for any major changes in hardware, software or operating systems. Technicians can usually gain employment with a high school education, but some formal training in computer information systems is useful. Experience requirements vary among employers. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, health information systems technicians made a median annual salary of $30,610, as of May 2008.

Tags: information systems, radiology information, radiology information systems, information technology, among employers, August 2010

Care For And Prevent Blood Blisters

Care for and Prevent Blood Blisters

A blood blister is a specific type of blister that forms when blood vessels near the skin's surface are damaged without actually opening the skin. Since the blood cannot escape through a wound, it forms a bubble of blood beneath the skin's surface. Blood blisters are most often caused by minor injuries like pinched skin and usually occur on the fingers and toes. Blood blisters are very similar to blisters with fluid in the way that they heal.

Instructions

1. Apply a cold compress after an injury to help alleviate swelling, slow blood leakage and prevent bruising. Wrap a few ice cubes in a damp wash cloth or small towel and apply the compress to the injured area for about 10 minutes.

2. Raise the injured area above your heart to help stop the bleeding and alleviate pressure. For example, a blister on the foot can be elevated by laying on a bed and placing your foot on a few pillows.

3. Prevent blood blisters from forming. To help stop blood blisters from developing after skin is caught or pinched between a hard surface, keep your skin moist and pliable by drinking lots of fluids and moisturizing daily.

4. Reduce swelling. Epsom salts relax sore muscles and soothes injured skin, but are also a great way to ease swelling. Depending on where your blister is, you can fill a large bucket or bathtub with warm water and soak the area for about 15 minutes. Use 1/4 cup of Epsom salts for each gallon of water.

5. Cover the blood blister. To avoid unintentionally popping a blood blister, protect it during your daily activities. If the blood blister is under constant pressure, protect it by using a strip of second skin and medical tape. The second skin will act as a temporary barrier and help speed the healing process.

6. Protect a broken blood blister. In the case that your blood blister does break, immediately rinse the area with soap and water. Apply a thin layer of antibacterial ointment like Neosporin and cover the open blister with a bandage. Continue to wash and reapply a clean bandage every four hours for a day or two.

7. Watch for signs of infection. If your blood blister isn't healing, seems to be getting worse or becomes more painful, it may be infected. Symptoms of infection may include fever, upset stomach, localized pain, red lines extending from the affected area and lesions. If you have any of these symptoms, contact your doctor immediately.

Tags: blood blister, about minutes, area about, area about minutes, blisters from, blood blisters from

What Courses Are Needed To Be An Xray Technician

Jobs for X-ray technicians will continue to be in high demand from 2006 through the year 2016, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. X-ray technicians also enjoy above average earnings, according to Payscale.com. From core medical courses in human anatomy, to performing X-rays on actual patients, prospective X-ray techs can learn the profession of medical imaging in as little as one year.

X-Ray Technician Explained

X-ray technicians, often referred to as radiology techs, are an integral part of the medical team, trained to perform X-rays or medical imaging tests. As an X-ray technician, you will work under the supervision of a licensed radiologist. You will learn properly place medical imaging equipment at certain levels of the patient's body, depending on which area needs to be scanned. X-ray technicians also help patients get into position for the procedures and explain the process.

Getting Started

Training programs for prospective X-ray technicians can be found at allied health schools and some technical and vocational schools. Depending on the program, the length of study time is usually between one and two years and leads to certification. Some two-year community colleges may also offer X-ray training, which culminates in an associate's degree. Students who have not taken and passed high school algebra and chemistry will be required to do so before being accepted into most X-ray training programs.

Classroom Courses

Students in X-ray technician training will usually begin their studies with basic medical courses. Among those will be human anatomy and physiology, structures and functions of the body, basic physics and medical terminology. Most X-ray technician programs will also have a required course in medical ethics. Courses more specific to X-ray training will include a basic introduction to X-ray technology, X-ray positioning for patients, research for diagnostic imaging and fluoroscopy X-rays.

Hands-On Training

Clinical practicum work will also be a part of the X-ray technician training program. Students will learn properly handle and operate diagnostic imaging equipment, as well as clean, care for and calibrate the machinery. Clinical training may be performed on live subjects where students will learn position and angle the equipment for best results, while keeping the patient as comfortable as possible. Some training programs may also offer hands-on courses in mammography and ultrasound.

Additional Training

Aspiring X-ray technicians will learn gauge the quality of film being used in imaging tests. Some of the more expansive programs may also provide training in MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) and CTs (computerized tomography). Once all coursework is successfully completed, students are required to pass a national certification examination before accepting employment. Some states may also require continuing education courses for X-ray technicians.

Tags: X-ray technicians, will learn, medical imaging, X-ray training, also offer, diagnostic imaging

Difference Between A Stereo Amplifier & A Receiver

The stereo amplifier and receiver are two devices that are often part of the home stereo system. The most basic stereo systems rely upon a receiver, while component systems include an amplifier and preamplifier. The receiver is actually part amplifier and simply houses the electronics in a single box rather than separate components.

Amplifier

A stereo amplifier is designed to take a line level audio signal produced by audio source components like CD players and increase the power of the signal while maintaining the frequency. The more powerful signal produced by the amplifier is able to drive the speakers and produce sound, something a line level signal cannot do.

Receiver

A receiver is a stereo component that combines an amplifier, preamplifier and radio tuner. It is a less expensive means of purchasing all the main components needed in a stereo system.

Amp Pros and Cons

Purchasing a separate preamplifier and amplifier is generally considered to provide the best performance and sound. Separate components also offer more flexibility in repairing and upgrading specific aspects of the stereo. However, purchasing separate components is also more expensive and requires additional space.

Receiver Pros and Cons

Designing a stereo system around a receiver is a less expensive option and makes it easier to get set up. However, if one part of the receiver breaks, it's necessary to repair the entire unit. The sound may not be as high quality as would be experienced with components.

Considerations

It is possible to integrate an amplifier and receiver together. The receiver can serve as a preamplifier and send line level audio to the amplifier for amplification. Connection can be performed with a series of RCA cables.

Tags: line level, stereo system, amplifier preamplifier, amplifier receiver, components also

Learn Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography, also known as diagnostic medical sonography, is a process in which high-sound frequencies are used to obtain pictures of the inside of the body. It is similar to an X-ray, but uses no radiation. Learning the science of ultrasonography takes two years of college coursework (including a year of applied application in a clinical setting).

Instructions

1. Ask local colleges whether they have an ultrasonography program. The program is most commonly known as diagnostic medical sonography.

2. Fill out your registration forms and applications and return them to the school. You may be required to pay some of your fees at this time.

3. Apply for financial aid. You can find the forms at your school's financial aid office or online.

4. Take any prerequisite courses required by your school's ultrasonography program. Those will vary by college, but usually consist of math, English, computer and anatomy courses.

5. Purchase school supplies once you have been accepted into the ultrasonography program: books, biology supplies and uniforms.

6. Study hard and speak up when you do not understand something in class. It will take about two years to complete coursework and learn ultrasonography.

Tags: ultrasonography program, diagnostic medical, diagnostic medical sonography, known diagnostic, known diagnostic medical, medical sonography

First Army Predeployment Training Requirements

Vehicle operation training is just one aspect of predeployment training.

There are a lot of activities involved in your first predeployment training. The U.S. Army will prepare you for deployment to a hostile area such as Afghanistan and Iraq through a wide range of training exercises. Tasks are divided into two major categories: core and directed mission essential tasks. Field sanitation is an example of a core task and urban patrolling is an example of a mission essential task.

Individual Tasks

You will be expected to demonstrate basic Army skills before deploying, regardless of your specific job. Your core individual tasks include marksmanship, customs and basic phrases, survival skills, first aid and stress management. Stress management has become a more high-profile part of the training because the Pentagon is concerned that long or multiple deployments may be contributing to mental health problems and even suicides.

Collective Tasks

Depending on the type of unit you are in, the collective tasks you train for may differ. Many soldiers will be expected to hone their patrolling skills. Some of the specific topics covered are observing and reporting intelligence to commanders and, in some cases, writing reports. You will also train for mounted or walking patrols. Tactics and procedures for rural and urban patrols will be covered with a special emphasis on identifying land mines and improvised explosive devices.

Specialty Tasks

There are certain Army jobs that require specialized training that the average soldier will not receive, including combat tasks such as combat lifesaving and ordinance disposal. However, there are more mundane tasks that are also important to the Army such as vehicle operator, mail handler and generator operator. While combat training gets most of the attention, the support and administrative predeployment training helps to ensure the smooth functioning of Army units deployed overseas.

Tags: predeployment training, mission essential, will expected

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Treatments

According to the Mayo Clinic, invasive ductal carcinoma accounts for 70 percent of all breast cancers. This form of cancer originates in the lining of the milk duct. The cancerous cells eventually penetrate the ductal wall and spread to surrounding breast tissue. Standard treatment depends on a number of factors including whether or not these cancerous cells have moved beyond the breast and into other parts of the body and if the tissue is sensitive to hormones. Deciding on a course of treatment can be difficult and the Mayo Clinic suggests seeking out a second opinion from a breast specialist.

Surgical Procedures

A lumpectomy involves surgical removal of the tumor and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissue to ensure complete removal of the malignant growth. This treatment is most effective for smaller tumors that can easily be cut out of surrounding tissue.

A mastectomy is a surgical procedure that removes your whole breast. A simple mastectomy removes all of the breast tissue including ducts, lobules and fatty tissue while a radical mastectomy removes all of this plus the underlying muscle of the chest wall and lymph nodes in the arm pit.

If your breast cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, it can spread to other parts of your body through the lymph fluid. In order to determine if it has spread to there, your surgeon will determine which lymph node the tumor is using to drain lymph fluid. He will then remove this node and check it for the presence of cancerous cells. If none are found, it is likely your other nodes are clear and will not have to be removed. If cancer is present in that first node, he will remove the other ones in the armpit.

Radiation

Radiation therapy uses powerful beams of energy to destroy cancer cells. It is a common treatment for post-lumpectomy early-stage breast cancers. If you had a mastectomy and your tumor was on the larger side, your doctor might also recommend a course of radiation therapy. Side effects include fatigue, swollen breast tissue and lymphedema (swelling) in the arm.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. You will need chemotherapy for your breast cancer if you are at high risk for a recurrence or the cancer is likely to spread outside the breast. Your doctor might also give you chemotherapy before surgery if your breast tumor is large; this aims to shrink it for easier removal during surgery. If your cancer has spread to other areas of the body, chemotherapy can control the cancer and decrease any symptoms it is causing.

Side effects vary depending on the particular treatment. The most common effects are hair loss, nausea, vomiting, fever and weakened immunity.

Hormone Therapy

If your breast cancer is sensitive to the hormones estrogen and progesterone, certain treatments help control the hormones in your body; this can prevent cancer from returning or control cancer that has spread.

Tamoxifen prevents estrogen from attaching to estrogen receptors on the cancer cells. This will either kill the cancer cell or slow its growth. This treatment is appropriate for both pre- and postmenopausal women. Arimidex, Femara and Aromasin prevent androgens from turning into estrogen; they are only useful for postmenopausal women.

Targeted Drug Therapy

Targeted drugs are formulated to act on particular abnormalities of cancer cells. The following have been approved to treat breast cancer.

Herceptin acts on a specific protein, HER2, that is responsible for facilitating the growth and survival of breast cancer cells. This medication can destroy that protein. Avastin blocks cancer cell signals that promote new blood vessels; without these vessels, the tumor cannot obtain the oxygen and nutrients necessary for survival. Tykerb also targets the HER2 protein and is used in women who were not successful with Herceptin.

Tags: breast cancer, cancer cells, your breast, breast tissue, cancerous cells

Hearing Test Types

Hearing test to rule out hearing problems

According to the National Institutes of Health, some form of hearing loss affects approximately a third of older Americans within the age range of 65 and 85. This makes it difficult for the affected seniors to understand and respond to conversation. Although hearing loss affects the elderly disproportionately, it also affects the young--even newborns. A series of tests, including general screening, Tune Fork, Audiometry, BAER and Otoacoustic Emissions, can help determine cause and treatment.

General Screening Test

General screening test is the first test performed as routine care, or associated with hearing problems, and done on each ear separately. The provider speaks words at different levels to check how the patient responds to sound level. The provider generally asks the patient to repeat his words. If the patient has difficulty hearing the words, the provider will speak loudly to see if the response is the same.

Tuning Fork Tests

The Tuning Fork Test involves two-pronged instruments, which creates a tone while it vibrates. The health care provider generally strikes the instrument causing it to vibrate and create a sound. The vibrations created are used to determine the patient's ability to hear different sound frequencies in the vibrating area of the middle ear and the eardrum. It is also used to check for damage sensors as well as damage of the nerves in the inner ear, or check for damage in both areas. Based on how the patient is able to hear the sound, the physician will be able to tell if the hearing loss is due solely to the nerves or if the problem is the sound reaching the nerves.

Audiometry

The Pure Tone Audiometry procedure is performed with an audiometer machine, which measures hearing tones via a headphone to determine hearing loss. An audiologist, who controls the tone and volume of the sounds in the earphones, does the testing. The patient presses a button or lifts his hand when he hears the sound. The provider keeps adjusting the volume until the patient is no longer able to hear the sounds. Then, the audiologist increases the volume again and repeats the test.

Auditory Brain Stem Response

Auditory brain stem response (ABR) or (BAER) brain stem auditory evoke response is a test, which identifies sensorineural hearing loss by placing electrodes on the scalp as well as on each earlobe. Clicking noises are then transmitted through the earphones, and the electrodes measures the brain reaction to the clicking sound, and the response recorded on a graph.

Otoacoustic Emissions Testing

Otoacoustic emissions testing (OAE) is a screening tool to check the hearing of newborns. Testing involves placing a tiny microphone in the ear canal. The microphone detects any response in the inner ear to sounds.

Tags: hearing loss, able hear, brain stem, check damage, hearing loss affects

What Is The Purpose Of A Policy Or Health Care Procedure

What Is the Purpose of a Policy or Health Care Procedure?

The purpose of a policy or health care procedure is to provide standardization in daily operational activities. Policies and procedures provide clarity when dealing with issues and activities that are critical to health and safety, legal liabilities and regulatory requirements that have serious consequences.

Policy

A policy is a general plan of action used to guide the desired outcome. It is a guideline or rule used to make decisions. The purpose of a policy is to communicate to employees the desired outcomes of the organization. Policies are usually broad, state what has to be achieved and why and answer major operational issues. Policies help employees understand their roles and responsibilities within the organization.

Procedure

Procedures are the implementation of policy. They are specific steps used to achieve the policy. Procedures are used to guide operations without managers having to micromanage employees. They are developed to be user specific; each position will have its own set of operational procedures. Procedures state how and when steps need to take place to achieve the goals in an organization.

Standardization

Standardized policies and procedures in health care have been shown to provide better patient care, better outcomes and lower mortality rates. Policies and procedures improve efficiency and effectiveness in health care.

Tags: health care, Care Procedure, Health Care, Health Care Procedure, Policies procedures, Policy Health

Learn Basic Medical Terminology

It is important to learn the basic structure and foundation of medical words before you attempt to memorize a list of medical terms. Medical terminology is based on Greek and Latin words, making the learning process difficult for anyone without previous education in either language. Through the study of basic terminology, students working toward a career in the medical field begin to learn "take apart" a medical word to determine its meaning. To add to the learning curve, some medical terms may be pronounced the same but spelled differently, requiring the student to be a good speller.

Instructions

1. Enroll in an introductory medical terminology course. Offered by community colleges and vocational and technical schools, basic medical terminology and medical coding courses introduce you to the way words are created, words that describe body parts, systems and regions within the body, and the different elements used in medical words. Check the class descriptions carefully; some schools may incorporate basic medical terminology into introductory and other medical program classes.

2. Take an online medical terminology class. Look for online educational courses that offer the program as a Continuing Education Unit to gain CEUs. CEUs can be used to maintain licenses and certifications. Look for educational courses approved for CEUs by the standards organization called the International Association for Continuing Education and Training. Visit the IACET website for a list of schools and organizations that accept IACET CEUs and a search tool that allows you to find your organization by acronym (see Resources).

3. Study on your own. There are numerous books, flashcards and tools available in bookstores and online that can aid you in learning basic medical terminology. Many online resources are free to use and some offer quizzes and tests to help verify your skill level and ability to retain the information. Look for books that focus on the foundations of learning medical terms rather than providing lists of words to memorize.

4. Study Latin and Greek before studying medical terminology. Medical terminology is based on combinations of Latin and Greek verbs and adjectives. A beginners course in either language is a helpful tool in understanding the foundation and structure of medical terminology. Keeping a Latin or Greek dictionary close by when learning basic medical terminology is also helpful.

5. Practice skills by translating medical terms. Read articles and books from trusted medical sources such as "The Journal of the American Medical Association." Studying medical terminology in context with a diagnosis or description of symptoms can help you retain terminology.

Tags: medical terminology, basic medical, medical terms, basic medical terminology, Latin Greek, medical terminology

What Is A C Arm Xray Machine Used For

Many advances in medical technology have helped make procedures less invasive and more comfortable for patients. The C-Arm X-ray device, which was introduced by C-Armsby Philips in 1955. is one example of this advancement, and enables doctors and patients to see results in less time.

Design

"C-Arm" is a name given to specialized X-ray imaging machines, due to their special arced semi-circular design. C-Arms use X-rays for imaging, but are designed to work with lower amounts of exposure.

Advantages

C-Arm x-ray machines use intensifiers that magnify readings. This allows lower amounts of X-rays to be used, and results in less radiation exposure for patients and professionals.

Applications

C-Arm machines are often smaller than traditional units, and can be used in more confined spaces. This size advantage also enables applications such as mobile screening rooms.

Capabilities

C-Arm imaging equipment is capable of being adjusted to different settings depending on the application. This means that X-ray exposure can be fine-tuned, and results in lower radiation levels.

Comfort

By being small and adjustable, C-Arm units offer increased patient comfort compared to traditional models. This minimal invasiveness also allows faster diagnosis and treatment for patients.

Tags: lower amounts, results less

Measure Thermography In Humans

Thermography is a scientific technique used to obtain a thermal image of a person's body. The results can be used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions and to monitor the patient's condition. Because thermography measures only the heat from the patient's body, it is noninvasive and it uses no radiation. Liquid crystal thermography is a relatively inexpensive method for making a thermal image that uses special crystals embedded in a rubber sheet.

Instructions

1. Apply the liquid crystal elastic sheet to the area of interest on the patient's body. Do not hold it in place with your hand, as your body heat will interfere with the resulting thermal image.

2. Remove the liquid crystal elastic sheet. The crystals change their neutral color on contact, in response to the temperature of the body surface with which they make contact.

3. Photograph the liquid crystal sheet to obtain a hard copy of the thermal image. This photograph will be used for diagnostic evaluation.

4. Interpret the image. Areas that are red or orange have a high temperature; regions that are blue or green have a low temperature. Comparing the thermal image with images obtained from other people will allow you to identify regions with abnormal temperatures, which can be an indication of conditions such as cancer or poor blood circulation.

Tags: thermal image, crystal elastic, crystal elastic sheet, elastic sheet, liquid crystal, liquid crystal elastic

Chart Skin Color In Black Patients

It takes experience to assess dark skin color.

It takes experience to learn assess the skin of a dark-skinned patient. Many times the changes in a dark skinned patient's color will be far more subtle than in a lighter-skinned patient. For this reason, a health care provider has to be vigilant. She must always approach it in a systematic manner and never gloss over the assessment. It is far too easy to miss the subtle clues a dark skin color may be sending out.

Instructions

1. Introduce yourself to the patient and explain the examination procedure. Ensure that the patient's privacy is accounted for and that there is adequate lighting in the room.

2. Examine the patient's sclera. Gently pull down on his lower eyelid and note the color. Check the conjunctiva of the eye as well. Examine the inside of the lips and the tongue. Check the nail beds, the palms and the soles of the feet. These areas should be pink. If they are ashen or yellow-brown, it may indicate that the patient is pale.

3. Examine the patient's sclera and hard palate for indications of jaundice or liver failure. A yellow cast to other areas of the body is not usually an indication of this disease. Skin rashes can usually be felt by touching the skin. Cyanosis or the blue cast that comes from lack of oxygen to the tissues can be difficult to diagnose in any patient. Be sure to check the palms, tongue and conjunctiva, as well as nail beds when assessing for this.

4. Chart the patient's skin color and where the color was noted in the patient's record. Report any abnormal findings to the appropriate health care provider immediately.

Tags: skin color, care provider, conjunctiva well, dark skin, dark skin color, Examine patient

Reasons For A Bone Density Test

A bone density test, often called a bone mineral density scan (BMD), is a test to determine the health, strength and density of bones. Typically, this test is given to women who may be at risk for osteoporosis. All women over the age of 65 and those over 60 with other risk factors are encouraged to receive screening for osteoporosis and doctors may recommend that these women receive a BMD.

Menopause

Typically, women who have gone through menopause will experience bone loss that increases each year. In fact, some women will experience 25 to 30 percent of loss within the first 5 to 10 years after menopause. A bone density test helps physicians diagnose women with osteoporosis and recommend medications that may help decrease bone loss.

Women with low estrogen levels, especially post-menopausal women, may be advised to have the bone density test done. In women, estrogen helps maintain bone density. As estrogen levels drop during menopause, bone loss can become more significant. Thus, most post-menopausal women are more at risk for osteoporosis than those who have not yet gone through menopause.

Small Framed Women/Low Body Weight

Women with small frames or lower body weight may be at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis than other women. This is because smaller-framed women have less bone mass than larger-framed women. Osteoporosis can cause fractures in all women, but smaller-framed women are often more at risk.

Women with Other Risk Factors

Other risk factors for osteoporosis include immediate family history of osteoporosis or fractures, women who have in the past or currently consume large amounts of caffeine, women who have experienced fractures as an adult and women who are taking medications that are known to cause bone loss, such as prednisone.

Men and the BMD

Women are not the only ones who experience osteoporosis. However, it is more common in women for several different reasons. Women have less bone mass, they typically consume less calcium, and women rely on estrogen to keep them healthy. However, some men suffer from osteoporosis as well. Men who may be considered at risk for osteoporosis may be advised to receive a BMD as well.

Men who are small-framed, who have experienced calcium deficiency, or who have a family history of osteoporosis in men may be at risk for developing osteoporosis. These men should have a bone density test, especially if they are over the age of 60.

What the Bone Density Test Does

The bone density test is a quick test, and takes between 10 and 30 minutes to administer. Individuals should not take calcium deposits for 24 hours before the test. During the test, the patient will lie down in a relaxed position while a machine passes over her body. It is absolutely pain-free, and is similar to having an X-ray taken.

The test allows physicians to see how much calcium and other minerals are packed into a certain amount of bone. The denser the minerals are packed, the less likely the individual is to experience osteoporosis. Before the development of bone density tests, the only way a physician could tell that an individual suffered from osteoporosis was from frequent bone fractures. Today, a BMD allows the doctor to see the risks before the injuries start to occur. This allows the doctor to prescribe calcium or medications that will help prevent or reverse bone loss.

Tags: bone loss, bone density test, women have, bone density, bone density, density test, medications that

Calculate Multiple Regression Coefficients

Least squares regression calculates statistical parameters used to build a predictive model in which the value of a dependent variable y can be estimated using known values of a set of j independent variables x(j). The mathematics used in calculating the j x-coefficients minimize the difference of the sum of the squares between the n observed x and y pairs to determine an a and and set of bs such that y = b(i)x(i) + a provides the best predictive model.

Instructions

1. Obtain n, the sample size for which you'll calculate the least squares x-coefficients in the calculated model.

2. Calculate the sum of each of the j pairs of the observed x(i) and y values and call them Sum(X(i)) and Sum(Y).

3. Calculate the square of the sum of each of the j observed x(i) values and call them Sum(X(i))^2.

4. Calculate the sum of the squares of each of the j observed x(i) value deviations from the mean of x (x(i) - x (i)bar)^2 and call it Sum(x(i)^2).

5. Calculate the sum of the cross products of each of the j observed x(i) value deviations from the mean of x(i), (x(i) - x(i) bar) times the observed y value deviations from the mean of y (y - y bar) and call it Sum (x(i)y).

6. Calculate each of the j regression coefficients b(i) using the following formula:

b(i) = [n(Sum(x(i)y) - Sum(X(i))Sum(Y)]/[nSum(x(i)^2) - Sum(X(i))^2].

Tags: deviations from, deviations from mean, each observed, from mean, observed value

Identify The 6 Types Of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer occurs when cells within the breast tissue begin to grow uncontrollably. Scientists have, in recent years, been able to divide breast cancer into six different types. Not only do these types differ in the way that they should be treated, but also in their prognosis and in their patients' survival rate. The six types are based on the type of cell that led to the cancer, the microscopic appearance of these cells and the proteins that they have.

Instructions

1. Look at the breast skin and surface. Some types of breast cancer, such as inflammatory breast cancer, can cause the breast to appear red and painful to the touch, as if the skin had become inflamed. Other kinds of cancer can cause breast dimpling, or, in the case of ductal carcinoma, discharge from the nipple.

2. Do a manual exam of the breast. Lobular carcinoma is one of the most common types of breast cancer and will often lead to hard "lumps" being found in the breast. The location and moveability of the lumps will help to identify the possible presence of breast cancer, as well as aid in the determination of the type.

3. Receive a mammogram. This will help get a better idea of where the cancer is. Visualization of a tumor's location can help differentiate between major types of breast cancer, such as ductal, lobular and inflammatory breast cancer.

4. Get a biopsy. A biopsy of the tumor will help determine what the cancer cells look like and from what kind of cell they originated. This will help tell the difference between ductal, lobular and other types of breast cancer.

5. Visualize for certain hormone receptors and proteins. Some types of cancer are able to respond to hormones, such as estrogen, and others have a high amount of a protein called Her2. Classification of breast cancer according to these markers and their cell type and appearance (from Step 4) will allow the breast cancer to be classified as one of the six types.

Tags: breast cancer, breast cancer, types breast, will help, types breast cancer, breast cancer such

Live On $10 000 A Year

Live on $10,000 a Year

Since the United States considers an income of $10,000 to be below the poverty line, living on this amount of money is both a serious reality and an incredible challenge. Use these money-saving methods to make a hard living a little easier. Read on to learn live on $10,000 a year.

Instructions

1. Create a budget. Budgeting allows you to plan for the best and worst case scenarios. Not only will it help you feel organized and in control of your cash, but a budget will also minimize those panicky moments.

2. Treat frugality as if it were a challenge. Life is not a game, but as humans, we tend to become more passionate about things when our competitive drive has been sparked. Think of coupons as bonus tokens and free entertainment events as scoring something for nothing. The grand prize to living on $10,000 a year is not much, but losing this challenge can mean serious consequences like debt and bankruptcy.

3. Buy generic foods, eat at home, purchase cheap produce and forget about the meat. Changing your eating habits is an easy way to cut costs. Generic brands will run you several dollars cheaper than brand names. Save cash by eating at home. Buy produce from farmers' and Asian markets. Eat plenty of pasta. Save meat for special occasions. Food pantries also provide free food for people earning a low income.

4. Live with others. Although this may be a major adjustment, cutting down your rent can make living on $10,000 easier. Consider living in a co-op (a home shared by a small community of people) or renting an apartment with three to four other people to cut housing costs.

5. Be your own Martha Stewart. Save hard-earned cash by becoming a jack-of-all-trades handyman (or woman). Make your own furniture, or try to get by without it. Make your own clothes, or purchase inexpensive clothing at Goodwill outlets or garage sales. Ask yourself what is necessity and what is desire and then attempt to create those necessities in creative ways.

6. Study your health care options. If your employer does not provide insurance, explore what your state may provide. Many states offer low-income health insurance; this is usually basic insurance at a much lower monthly cost. Ask your doctor or employer if your state has this option. Check your local yellow pages for free clinics or county hospitals. They often provide health care for people who are uninsured or need to pay on a sliding scale.

7. Save money in a high-interest savings account. No matter your income, a small portion of every paycheck should go to savings. A standard amount is 10 percent, but this may vary based on what you can afford.

Tags: health care, Make your, your state

Hot Topics For Persuasive & Argumentative Research Papers

The newspaper is another great place to look for a potential hot topic.

Some topics for argumentative papers are just plain used to death. If you're looking for something fresh to write about, consider a two-sided issue that's in the news. When writing your argumentative paper on a current issue, consider how it relates personally to you and your classmates. This will help you research and craft an engaging, persuasive paper with a fresh perspective.

Arts and Media

1. "No, it's true, I heard it on the internet." Make the case for the Internet as a more democratic means of news reporting and information sharing. Or argue the other side: Has it negatively impacted society by allowing people to anonymously spread misinformation? Should it be subjected to the same kind of censorship as, say, television?

2. Consider the heated debate over the modeling industry. Do you think it's right to impose a "minimum" size on models? Do you agree with the argument that the modeling industry is responsible for the prevalence of eating disorders--if so, to what extent?

3. Consider the media's influence on political campaigns today compared to what it was 50 or 100 years ago. Decide if it has had a positive or negative impact.

4. Make an argument about how and to what extent reality TV has changed American culture.

Society and Government

1. Argue for or against lowering the legal drinking age. Back your argument with statistical studies.

2. Argue for or against trade tariffs or taxes.

3. Discuss whether it's right or wrong to allow standardized test scores to determine how much money a public school receives from the government. Consider questions like: Do you think this helps hold school systems accountable and provides an incentive for school administrators to address shortcomings? Or is it a punishment that unfairly condemns students at low-performing schools?

4. Make an argument for or against shortening or extending the work or school week.

Health and Environment

1. Consider both recent resurgences of infectious diseases supposed to have been "wiped out" by vaccinations and the fear that childhood vaccinations may be linked to autism. Do parents have the right to opt-out of vaccinations for their children? Or should vaccinations be mandatory?

2. Consider the SARS and Swine Flu scares. Make an argument on whether the media over-reacted and spread unfounded fears, or did their job in keeping people informed of a possible threat. Alternatively, make an argument about whether or not you think society or the government is properly prepared to deal with an influenza pandemic should one occur.

3. Write what you think about genetically engineered foods. Should they be labeled differently to alert consumers that they have been genetically engineered? Should genetically engineered foods be banned? Or can you make an argument in their favor?

4. State the case for changing public policy to promote land conservation, or for favoring new land development. Answer these questions: Should economic and industrial loss be taken into account when land is conserved for the benefit of endangered species? Do environmental policies put an excessive burden on industries?

Tags: genetically engineered, Argue against, argument about, engineered foods, genetically engineered foods, have been

Side Effects Of Silicea

Side Effects of Silicea

Silicea, which is also known as silicea terra and silicic acid, is used as a homeopathic remedy, a natural remedy and is being studied as a possible medical treatment for removing aluminum from the body as well. A compound of silicon oxides, silicea can be taken in tablets, in a colloidal suspension liquid or topically in a gel. There are few side effects of silicea, mostly digestive, but there are precautions to observe.

Silicea Terra and Silicic Acid

The term silicic acid is the general name for for a family of chemical compounds which contain the elements: silicon, hydrogen and oxygen, all nonmetallic elements.

Silicic acid exists naturally in seawater and can be found in the oceans of the world. It also exists in flint, sand, quartz and the human body. Orthosilic acid is found in human tissues, bones, tendons, the aorta, the kidneys and the liver, and is necessary for life. This means that the body tolerates silicea well, as a rule.

Homeopathic Uses

As a homeopathic remedy, silicic acid is used in tablet form, colloidal liquid or topically as a gel to treat diseases of bone, dental caries and necrosis. The dense, hard dry structure of silicon, as present in quartz, flint, sand, etc., all of which contain silicon as an element, means that silicic acid should work (like for like) for scars, skin growths, dry skin and hair and brittle bones and nails. The phrase "like for like" reflects one of the basic philosophies of homeopathy--that conditions that are dry and hard, like scars, should be treated by that which is dry and hard in its elemental nature, such as the element silicon.

One cautionary--homeopathic practitioners recommend that if you have an implant or an artificial component in your body, you should avoid silica and silicea products because they believe they may have a tendency to cause foreign materials, such as implants, to be expelled from the body.

Other Homeopathic Precautions

Silicea stimulates the skin of the body homeopathically to reabsorb scar tissue, including keloids. This use must be monitored by a homeopathic practitioner, as an underlying condition, like an infection or a skin disorder, could be reabsorbed with the scar tissue or keloid, and begin to take hold in the body once more.

Homeopathic Side Effects

Silicea also works homeopathically to treat abscesses, headaches, spasms and epilepsy. If you use silicea for these conditions, you should stay away from alcohol or stimulants like caffeine, as these work against the benefits of silicea in these conditions.

Another side effect--symptoms that benefit homeopathically from taking silicea can worsen in cold damp weather, or if you become exposed to chilly, damp conditions for periods of time. These symptoms will improve with dry warmth.

Nutritional Supplement

Silicea and choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid are used as a nutritional supplement (tablets) to treat dry skin and hair, brittle nails, bone formation, bone mineral density and to promote bone collagen formation in women who are osteopenic.

Silicea works naturally with your digestive system to absorb and assimilate nutrients. If you have experienced problems assimilating silicea efficiently--side effects may include indigestion and/or constipation--you might want to add additional supplements that include boron, calcium, magnesium and potassium.

If, after increasing your additional supplements, you find that you still do not assimilate the tablet form of silicea--some people continue to experience mild digestion and gastrointestinal distress--the mineral content is also available in food sources such as beets, brown rice, bell peppers, soybeans, alfalfa, leafy green vegetables such as kale and whole grains.

Silicic Acid, Aluminum and Alzheimer's

Research done at the Birchall Centre for Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Science has focused on adding silicic acid to canned beverages, to observe the ability of silicic acid to reduce aluminum intake in the digestive system and aid the body in excreting it through the kidneys. Aluminum that is retained in the human body is considered to be a possible contributory factor to Alzheimer's.

Research is also being done on the effect of dietary supplements of silicea and silicic acid on aluminum retained in the body.

Be careful to drink five to eight cups of water daily if you are trying to counteract the effects of aluminum in your body with silicea. It helps your kidneys process and excrete both the aluminum and the silicea.

Tags: acid used, Effects Silicea, Side Effects, Side Effects Silicea, silicic acid, additional supplements, Alzheimer Research