Advantages & Disadvantages Of Satin Fabric

Advantages & Disadvantages of Satin Fabric

Satin is a glossy, smooth-surfaced fabric that is usually made with silk or rayon fibers. Its luxurious qualities make satin a popular type of fabric for bridal wear and formal gowns. However, these same qualities limit the fabric's versatility and can make satin difficult to sew, among other disadvantages.

Appearance

Satin has a shiny, lustrous surface that gives it a luxurious and expensive look. The appearance of satin is a big advantage when making dresses and gowns for special occasions. On the other hand, the appearance limits satin mostly to formal wear.

Touch

Satin is smooth and silky to the touch. This makes satin a good fabric choice for garments and items that will be close to the skin, like underwear, pajamas and bedding.

Versatility

Satin is a lightweight fabric with a fine weave which makes it drape very nicely. This is an advantage when you want to make a loose-fitting garment with soft, flowing lines. These qualities, however, also limit the versatility of the fabric. Satin is not appropriate, for example, for making tailored, fitted or highly detailed garments.

Cutting

The slippery nature of satin means you need to take extra precaution when laying out patterns and cutting the fabric. This may mean laying the fabric out on a sheet or tissue paper and using only very sharp scissors or a rotary cutter. These extra steps mean working with satin may take more time and care than other types of fabrics.

Sewing

Because satin is a slippery fabric it is relatively difficult to sew. You must take extra care feeding the fabric under the needle of your sewing machine to ensure the hem or seam remains straight. Because satin has a fine weave, any unpicked stitches resulting from having to correct mistakes will show on the fabric.

Washing

Satin fabric that is made from 100 percent silk must only be hand-washed or dry-cleaned. Caring for items made from silk satin fabric is therefore more labor-intensive than caring for machine-washable fabrics.

Ironing

The special weave that produces satin's lustrous surface gives the fabric a tendency to water-spot. If you don't take special care when ironing satin you can damage it--you must remember to use a dry iron and press cloth.

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Use Jan Brett Com

Use Jan Brett.com

Jan Brett.com is a website created to represent the art work of Jan Brett. At this site she has compiled some of her work into different types of media to share with others. At no cost to the user, anyone can download coloring & activities pages, videos, murals and so much more.

Instructions

1. Log on to Janbrett.com and scroll half way down the page. You will notice a table with three columns and eight rows. Your tour through this site will navigate you through some of these features that are offered free here.

2. Click on “Activities Pages.” You will notice an alphabetical listing of all the activities that are here for you to use. There are so many to choose from and many of them are printable. There is no doubt that you will find some activity that you can use in your classroom or children’s program. Click on the back arrow on your browser.

3. Click on “Murals” to get printable pictures of animals and clothes for them. If you have ever played with paper dolls you will love this part of the site for your children. Print art out on card stock to make the animals stiffer for easier play.Again click on your browsers back button until you reach the home page.

4. Click on “On Screen Computer Games” to play games on her site. What site wouldn’t have computer games? You wouldn’t think that Jan Brett’s artist site would but it does. Kids will have fun choosing from small variety of games to play right from this section of her site. Click the back button on your browser to go back to the home page.

5. Click on “Videos” to learn how Jan draws her creations. You too can be an artist by following these steps. Using Media Play or Real dozens of videos. Click on the back arrow on your browser to go to the home page.

6. Click on “Classroom-Help-A-Longs” to get some help with classroom displays and other help items. Teachers will love this part of Jan’s site. It offers many help print outs and with an artistic flair. Jan Brett.com offers quite a bit to teachers. Whether you are a public school teacher, private or home school teacher her site will give you quite a bit of “extras” to use in your classroom. The only way to know for sure if her art work will benefit your students is to log on and look around at all that she has created.

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Use Hospital Equipment

The devices, tools, medical consumables and equipment used in the hospital and health care settings are called hospital medical equipment. Function is the main basis for the classification of medical equipment. Diagnostic equipment includes the ultrasound machine, X-ray and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine and Computed Tomography (CT) machine. Therapeutic equipment includes medical lasers, infusion pumps and radiation therapy machines. Critically ill patients need therapeutic medical equipment like the medical ventilators, heart-lung machines and dialysis machines.

Instructions

Instructions

1. Wash your hands with soap and water following the aseptic technique.

2. Read the instructions stated on the manual before touching the machine.

3. Check all the wires and cords. Ensure that they are properly connected to the machine.

4. Plug the machine into the electrical outlet.

5. Locate the power button and turn it on.

6. Input the necessary data required by the machine, such as the patient's demographic data. For example, an EKG machine request the patient's data once turned on. To successfully enter the data, press the button indicated on the manual. If a toggle knob is present, as is the case with the MAC 8 EKG Machine, use it to go backward and forward between fields. Ensure that you fill out all the necessary fields such as the physician who ordered the test and the purpose of the test as well as all the other fields.

7. Clean the site or location of the patient's body where machine will be attached with cotton balls and a cleansing agent as indicated.

8. Attach the machine to the patient.

9. Perform the test while monitoring the status of the patient at the same time. Note for the expected reactions as well as the untoward reactions during the course of the procedure.

10. Push the indicated button to record and print out a copy of the examination once the test is done.

11. Unhook the patient from the machine.

12. Clean the parts of the machine that came in contact with the patient as indicated.

13. Wash hands and towel dry.

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Breast Cancer Awareness & Foods That Fight Breast Cancer

Breast cancer will strike one out of every eight women at some point during their lives, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). While the risk of developing breast cancer cannot be completely eliminated, it can be minimized through compliance with a healthy diet.

Risk Factors

In many cases, breast cancer grows and develops based off sensitivity to the female hormone estrogen. Risk factors for developing breast cancer include age, a family history of the disease, and the early onset puberty. While men can get breast cancer, women are 100 times more likely to develop this condition, reports the NIH.

Symptoms

In its early stages, breast cancer produces few noticeable symptoms. Being proactive in medical checkups and breast examinations can catch cancer before it develops into a serious threat. When symptoms do appear, they include an alternation in the shape, size or feel of a breast; a lump in the breast or armpit; and a pus-like discharge from the nipple. Later stage symptoms of breast cancer are localized pain in the breasts or bones and unexplained weight loss.

Anti-Cancer Diet

According to the American Cancer Society, you should stick to a diet rich in plant-based foods for the best shot at avoiding cancer. At least two-thirds of your plate at every meal should contain fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit your consumption of fat to no more than 30 percent of your total daily calories, while avoiding saturated and trans fats whenever possible.

Anti-Cancer Foods

Certain foods are exceptionally good at staving off breast cancer, reports the American Institute for Cancer Research. Berries of all types are rich in ellagic acid, which is a phytochemical shown to prevent breast cancer in laboratory studies. Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and kale also have been shown to fight breast cancer, along with other dark leafy greens, which can prevent the growth of breast cancer cells.

Post-Cancer Diet

If you have been diagnosed with breast cancer, it is not too late to adopt a healthier diet. Generally speaking, aim to consume at least one fruit and one vegetable with every meal while eating most of your protein from "white meat" sources such as chicken and turkey. Cornell University recommends that breast cancer survivors eat soy-based foods only in moderation. Be certain to consume plenty of health monounsaturated fats, like those found in olive oil and nuts.

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How Does Smoking Effect A Pap Smear

How Does Smoking Effect a Pap Smear?

A Pap smear is a gynecological test that checks for infectious agents or cancer cells in the cervix. Cigarette smoking has been correlated to changes in the cervix, and thus a Pap smear for a smoker is more likely to show cervical abnormalities than for a nonsmoker.

Cervical Dysplasia

The presence of abnormal cervical cells on a Pap smear is diagnosed as cervical dysplasia. According to Truestar Health, smokers are more likely to receive this diagnosis than nonsmokers. Cervical dysplasia can be as simple as mild inflammation or as critical as malignancy.

Human Papillomavirus

The American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) notes that smoking causes changes in the cervical cells, which can lead to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Most HPV infections have no outward symptoms, but some forms can eventually cause cervical cancer or genital warts. HPV can be detected with a Pap smear.

Cervical Cancer

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services notes that abnormal cervical cells caused by smoking can lead to cervical cancer. Cervical cancer does not have symptoms, but it can be diagnosed with a Pap smear. Early detection allows for treatment, thus preventing the malignant cells from spreading to other organs or tissues.

Secondhand Smoke

Truestar Health reports that consistent exposure to secondhand smoke is just a likely to result in an abnormal Pap smear as actual smoking.

When a Woman Stops Smoking

According to the ASCCP, if a woman stops smoking, her immune system will become stronger. Thus, her body will have the strength to fight off a minor HPV infection without treatment, which can result in a normal Pap smear.

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Federal Grants For Displaced Workers

Federal Grants for Displaced Workers

If you were recently laid off or terminated, you qualify for benefits as a displaced worker. States administer benefit programs, including training programs or funds for training at local colleges and universities. You may qualify for child care assistance, free counseling, transportation assistance or assistance with your utilities or free weatherization. You may be entitled to free legal services.

Unemployment Benefits

Unemployment insurance provides temporary funds paid to displaced workers who find themselves unemployed through no fault of their own. The federal government provides 19 weeks additional unemployment funds when your state unemployment benefits are exhausted. Though the name varies by state, each state provides a career center or workforce assistance center with lists of job openings in the area and information about training programs that might advance your position or prepare you for a new career.

Federal Pell Grant

The Federal Pell Grant Program provides tuition assistance to low-income undergraduate and graduate students based on a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), which all applicants must complete online and submit to the U.S. Department of Education. Pell Grants may be used to get a bachelor's or master's degree, become certified as a teacher, obtain a professional license or learn a new trade. Pell Grant funds are paid to the student's school for tuition. Unused Pell Grant funds are dispersed to the student each semester or quarter.

Workforce Incentive Grants

The U. S. Department of Labor, Employment Training Administration (ETA) funds state programs for training low-income displaced workers. The workforce incentive grant (WIA) helps displaced workers return to work in their field or in a new trade or profession. The workforce incentive grant funds are administered by the states. In each state, workforce incentive grants include Youth Opportunity Grants, Welfare-to-Work Grants and the adult Work Incentives Grant program. The ETA funds 32 federal grants to train and certify employees, to help the employees gain skills to advance or remain competitive with the latest technology in high growth industries. ETA grants help aliens, migrant farm workers and immigrants find work. The ETA workforce incentive grant helps prisoners reenter the workforce. The ETA has grants specifically for senior citizens and youth.

COBRA Benefits

The U. S. Department of Labor Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) allows displaced workers the right to continue group health benefits provided by their employer for 9 months following termination from a job or a drastic reduction in hours on a job. COBRA benefits may cost the worker up to 102 percent of the cost of the benefits for himself and his family. Displaced workers have 60 days to decide whether they want COBRA benefits before they have to pay the premium for the medical benefits.

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What Is A Spirit Run

Spirit runs are often held for charitable causes.

A spirit run is a run/walk event designed to bring people together for a common cause. Usually, the purpose of a spirit run is to recognize an issue or event or to raise money for a cause, such as cancer awareness or educational programs. Some spirit runs are held to honor and uplift the spirit of a community or youths in the area. They can also be held to recognize life itself.

Significance

A spirit run is a type of race that can vary in distance and is typically done to raise money or to awareness, or both, for a cause. Some people run or walk to show their appreciation for a cause or to help raise awareness about that cause. Sometimes the spirit run is organized as a race, with prizes for the top finishers.

Annual Spirit Runs

Often a spirit run is done annually in the same area for the same cause. For example, a city might hold an annual spirit run in honor of its founders or for the city itself. The spirit run will be held on the same date or weekend each year where people of all ages can participate.

Spirit Run Events

Other events often are scheduled with or around a spirit run. For example, if there is a spirit run for awareness of high blood pressure, there might be tables set up to check blood pressure or to pass out pamphlets and other information. Sometimes spirit runs have guest speakers, bands and other entertainment.

Fees or Sponsors

While some spirit runs are free, others have fees associated with them. There might be registration fees to participate, or participants will be asked to gain sponsors. These funds are used to support the event as well as to donate to the cause. Usually, there will be some type of token for participants to take home such as a T-shirt or a medal.

Distance

Spirit run distances can vary.

A spirit run could be a short trek through the city's main street and downtown areas, a full marathon or anything in between. While some events are noncompetitive, others will have a mix of competitive runners competing for prizes and citizen runners who have shown up to support the cause and have a good time.

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Develop A Charismatic Persona

Draw people in with your charisma.

It's no secret that charismatic people have a way of getting things done, whether it's career-wise or socially. People that exude authentic charisma have a certain "je ne sais quoi" and powerful magnetic charm that just pulls people in and encourages them to want to know more (and perhaps even follow the same path). Learn develop a persona that is charismatic in order to unlock your fullest potential and perhaps even influence other people.

Instructions

1. Listen to people. Charismatic people have a personality that is curious and interested. Actively listen to people and make a point to show that you are engaged in the discussion, whether it's by eye contact or nodding. If you indicate to people that they have your full attention, it will send the message that you care about them, which will in turn make them trust you more. Charismatic people are often seen as very trustworthy, which is one of the reasons people are so drawn to them.

2. Have a positive attitude. If you want to ooze charisma and charm, become an optimist. If you convey a positive energy, then it will encourage people to want to be around you. Positivity makes other people think that there is a reason as to why you feel that way, and in turn, it will make them want to listen to you and get on your team.

3. Communicate properly. Effective communication is key when it comes to being a charismatic and charming person. Communicate openly and honestly. If there is something you need to say, be direct and say it. People respect those that do not beat around the bush and that are truthful and genuine. Apart from speaking your mind, also know when it is your place to be quiet. For example, if you do not know the ins-and-outs of a topic very well, leave it to the experts.

4. Be self-confident. Confidence is power, and the more powerful you come across, the more charismatic you will be to other people. Show your self-confidence by speaking with conviction and through strong body language, such as straight posture and a relaxed smile.

5. Have fun. Apart from positive energy, charismatic people have fun. If you have charisma, you give off the impression that you are enjoying whatever it is that you are doing, and also that you are genuinely passionate about it. Inject some lightness and humor into your demeanor. Make people laugh.

6. Keep up your appearance. Looking good is a major component of charisma. This doesn't necessarily entail looking like a supermodel, but simply take care of what others see when they look at you. Keep physically fit by regular exercise. Consume a healthy and well-balanced diet. Practice proper grooming and wear clothing that is crisp and freshly washed.

7. Speak eloquently. Talk in an articulate manner with a clear, deliberate vocal tone. Avoid speaking too fast and using vocalized pauses such as "um" and "uhh." Avoid stumbling over your words. Use proper grammar and full sentences at all times. Always speak with a sense of purpose.

8. Show empathy. Empathy is an important aspect of developing charisma. To get people on your side, show that you are an empathetic personality. Make an honest attempt to look at the world from other peoples' viewpoints. The better you are able to understand other people, the more you will be able to provide them with what they want.

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The Effects Of Radiation Photos

A radiation photograph, such as an X-ray picture of a patient's body, is often used to help diagnose a patient's condition without using other, more intrusive methods such as a biopsy. Though radiology has been around for decades now, it's only seen great forward progress in the past few decades as technology made the use of radiation safer, briefer and less likely to cause or aggravate conditions in patients who are already ill.

Radiation can prove a great aid to diagnostic imaging.

Radiation Photos

Taking a radiation photo is a common, medical practice. X-ray photographs are one of the most common types of radiation photographs. During this procedure a film is exposed in the same way that film is exposed in a camera, except instead of light, the film is exposed to radiation that comes through the patient's body and shows the condition of the body from the inside.

Exposure

When a radiation photograph is taken, there is a short burst of radiation that exposes the film. This exposure lasts perhaps half a second, and then once the film is exposed, the radiation is shut off. It's this short time exposure, coupled with the relative safety of modern radiology equipment, that makes radiation photographs much safer procedures than they used to be.

Skin Irritation

One of the effects of radiation exposure is that skin can be damaged. This is commonly referred to as a radiation burn, and it acts much like a sunburn depending on the person's exposure and level of radiation. These burns can damage not only the person's skin, but the radiation can seep deeper and cause permanent damage to other tissues as well as the person's genes.

Genes

It's been shown that exposure to radiation over time can cause damage to a person's genes. Though this damage is longer term, this effect can lead to the development of diseases. The most notable diseases that genetic damage of radiation causes is cancer. In many cases, professionals who were exposed over a long period of time to years and years of radiation photographs developed cancer from the radiation.

Safety

Modern radiology takes steps to be sure that people getting radiation photographs taken of themselves, as well as the professionals taking the photographs, are kept safe from risks. Shields that stop radiation from reaching technologists are common place for instance. The exposure time is short, which minimizes health risks. There have also been technological advances that allow the radiation to be better directed and narrowed so that its effects are enough to get the job done, but not enough to expose anyone to undue amounts of radiation. Ever since these methods have been put in place, side effects of radiology have become minimal, including the development of radiation burns, cancer and even feelings of sickness and nausea that patients may have felt in the past.

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Community Colleges In North Shore Massachusetts

Massachusetts is renowned for its institutions of higher learning, not only for the Ivy League, state and private universities, but for community colleges that also offer degree programs that fit with the lives of busy professionals and students whose scheduling and financial needs are not as flexible as some others may be. Affordable academic programs for personal and professional growth in business and industry, skills improvement, job training and professional certifications are available at community colleges.

North Shore Community College

Associate degrees and transfer programs offer students a variety of choices in educational direction at North Shore Community College. With locations in Danvers, Beverly and Lynn, access to classrooms is convenient for North Shore residents. Applicants must test to prove they have basic core skills, such as communication and mathematics relevant to learning at the college level. Nearly 8,000 students are enrolled and 84 percent of career and technical program students find jobs within three months of graduation. Courses are offered in nearly 100 different areas of study, from accounting, animal care and aviation to Web developer, wellness and healing arts, and youth worker.

Middlesex Community College

Earn college credits while still in high school by qualifying to take classes at the Bedford or Lowell locations of Middlesex Community College which offer 78 degree and certificate programs (as of February 2011). Placement at local businesses are promoted for internship opportunities, while teaching programs that transfer credits to the state universities in Framingham and Salem can lead to a bachelor's degree. Hundreds of non-credit courses for personal enrichment are offered, as well as online courses and summer camps. For degree program enrollment, a student must have a GED or high school diploma and have completed Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) requirements or have passed an assessment test.

Bunker Hill Community College

Aside from four Boston locations, Bunker Hill Community College's main campus is located north of Boston in Charlestown. More than 12,000 students, of which two-thirds are women, attend programs leading to associate's degrees and certificate programs or prepare them to transfer to four-year universities. This community college strives for enrollment diversity and accepts students from many countries and cultural backgrounds. Tutoring guidance and offender reentry programs are offered, as well as the opposite end of the spectrum -- self-directed learning.

Northern Essex Community College

The north shore locations in Haverhill and Lawrence, as well as extension sites in Methuen, Groveland and Andover, of Northern Essex Community College offer its approximately 15,000 students a two-year education for associate in arts or science degrees and many certificates of program completion. There are 16 general programs of study from which to choose in majors, such as technology, performing arts, health, liberal arts, criminal justice, business, and communications that can result in more 70 degree majors. Distance learning and non-credit programs are offered.

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When To Stop Having Pap Smears

A pap smear, or pap test, is a medical procedure for females that involves swabbing and studying cells from the cervix to check for changes and the possibility of cervical cancer.

History

Dr. George Papanicolaou researched and published this medical technique in the early 1900s, hence the name "pap" test. His discovery greatly impacted the number of cervical cancer findings in women, since doctors could then catch the cancer before it became fatal.

Benefits

Getting a pap test done is very beneficial to a woman's health. Pap smears detect cancerous cells and other abnormalities in the cervix. Typically, woman should begin to have pap smears done at the age of 18 if they are sexually active or if cervical cancer runs in the family, or at the age of 21 if they are not sexually active or don't have a family history of cancer of the cervix.

Frequency

The frequency of getting a pap smear really varies by your health and family health history. Typically, women under 30 years of age should get a yearly pap smear exam. Women ages 30 to 65 should get a pap smear every two to three years if they have had normal results for three or more years in a row. Women 65 and older can usually stop having pap smears. However, these guidelines do not apply if a woman: has a very weak immune system, is HIV-positive or whose mother was exposed to diethylstilbestrol (a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen pill) while pregnant.

Procedure

Usually, pap smears are done during pelvic exams. The test is quick and easy but sometimes slightly painful, posing some level of discomfort. During the exam, your doctor inserts an instrument called a speculum into your vagina in order to see the cervix. Then, your doctor uses a swab to collect cells from around your cervix.

Importance

Even if you're not sexually active or have a family history of cervical cancer, having a yearly pap smear test is important. Pap tests not only detect cancer, they can find infections and abnormal cells that could be deadly if left undetected.

When to Stop

For healthy women over the age of 65, it is not necessary to continue getting pap smears during a pelvic exam. However, it is recommended, since having a pap smear could potentially save you thousands of dollars in medical bills if something were to go wrong. If you have had a history of pap smears that came back showing abnormalities, it is recommended that you continue to have pap smears until you have three years of normal tests.

Expert Insight

To protect yourself from other viruses also detected by pap smears such as human papillomavirus, doctors recommend getting an HPV vaccination. Doctors also recommended that a woman have a pap smear done every six months if her test came back positive for abnormalities.

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Laws On Insurance Deductions & Labor In Illinois

Under the Illinois Wage Payment and Collection Act, employers may deduct from their employees' paychecks only for legally authorized reasons or with their employees' written consent. Illinois employers may make deductions only when specifically authorized by Illinois law, by federal law or for their employees' benefit. Illinois allows employers to deduct the costs of insurance from their employees' paychecks if they obtain written permission authorizing those deductions.

Paycheck Requirements

Employers in Illinois must pay their employees at least twice every month for all wages earned during their semiannual pay periods in increments not exceeding 13 days between pay periods. Employers may pay their administrative and professional employees once per month. Employers cannot legally deduct wages from their employees' paychecks without a court order requiring wage withholdings, without express written permission from their employees or as required by the Internal Revenue Service or Illinois Department of Revenue. Employers may deduct insurance costs if their employees provide written consent allowing those deductions.

Payment of Wages

Under the Illinois Wage Payment and Collection Act, employers must pay their employees all disputed wages and cannot require their employees to execute release agreements that release them from future liability in exchange for compensation. Employers must keep records of their wage deductions and pay for each period for a minimum of three years. The Illinois Department of Labor requires employers to post their scheduled paydays and place of payment in a conspicuous area, provide written notification of their pay practices to each employee and obtain signed receipt of their compensation disclosures.

Written Consent

The Illinois Wage Payment and Collection Act requires employers to obtain written consent from their employees prior to deducting their wages from their paychecks. Employers must obtain unconditional and voluntary consent from their employees before deducting their wages. In addition to keeping accurate wage records, employers must provide each employee with pay stubs or written itemized deduction statements with each paycheck.

Penalties

The Illinois Department of Labor has the authority to file lawsuits in Illinois circuit courts and can require the employer to participate in an adjudicatory hearing with the Department of Labor. The Attorney general of Illinois represents the employee's interests and can recover fees and penalties against noncompliant employers. Employers who retaliate against employees exercising their rights by filing a complaint with the director of labor or with authorized union representatives may be guilty of a Class A, B or C misdemeanor, punishable by damage awards, payment of reasonable legal fees and equitable remedies including payment of back wages for up to $5,000.

Considerations

Since employment laws can frequently change, do not use this information as a substitute for legal advice. Seek advice through an attorney licensed to practice law in your jurisdiction.

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Career Options In Preventive Medicine

Some doctors choose to go into preventive medicine.

Physicians can be "board certified" in several areas of preventive medicine. Board certification is granted by the ABPM, the American Board of Preventive Medicine, and preventive medicine is included on the list of medical specialties put out by the American Board of Medical Specialties. Practitioners of preventive medicine can receive board certification in aerospace medicine as well as occupational medicine and general preventive medicine. The field of preventive medicine is not generally included in medical school "rotations," so many doctors are unaware that board certification can be obtained in the area.

General Preventive Medicine

Some doctors who specialize in disease prevention concentrate on the health of communities and other defined populations. Doctors who practice preventive medicine for the general public bring their public health skills to the task, as well as their experience in clinical preventive practice in a range of situations. The ABPM awards board certification in public health and general preventive medicine.

Health in the Workplace

Doctors who promote the health of workers practice occupational medicine. They foster the health of employees so that they are able to perform their jobs. Practitioners of occupational medicine address issues in the environment of the workplace, including the physical, chemical and biological aspects of the environment. They also deal with the social environment of the workplace. The goal is to prevent injury, illness and disability in the workplace, and to manage these situations should they occur.

Aerospace Industry

Aerospace medicine practitioners use preventive medicine to promote the health and safety of crew members of airplanes and space vehicles. They also provide research, clinical care and operational support for passengers and support personnel who operate air and space vehicles. Aerospace medicine can be a challenging field because doctors may work in stressful situations. Often, they are based in remote locations with extreme environments and deal with environmental hazards and situations requiring engineering countermeasures.

Becoming Certified

Individuals interested in becoming board certified in an area of preventive medicine can submit an online application to the American Board of Preventive Medicine along with fees by June 15, with all documentation due by July 15. If the requirement is not completed until after the July 15th deadline, the Board will expect documentation as soon as it is available. Upon completion of the online application, the Board office notifies applicants of any missing documentation. By August, applicants will receive a notice that the application has been approved, disapproved, or that it is pending further documents. Once the application is approved, the applicant is advised of the examination site. In 2011, examination results will be sent by mail in December.

Tags: preventive medicine, American Board, occupational medicine, Aerospace medicine, American Board Preventive, board certification

What Is In Lugols Iodine

Lugols iodine is a brown transparent bacteriostatic fungicidal liquid. It contains 10 parts of potassium iodide to five parts iodine to 85 parts of distilled water. Lugols iodine in the pure potassium iodide form was used as a treatment for iodine deficiency of the thyroid. With the addition of iodine-to-salt content, iodine deficiency is less common.

History

Lugols iodine, also called Lugols solution, was named after its developer, Jean Lugol, a French physician who produced it in 1829. It was used as an antiseptic for over a century. In 1986, after the Chernobyl disaster, the Polish government used Lugols iodine to replace and block any intake of radioactive iodine. In August 2007, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) regulated Lugols iodine. One fluid ounce (30 milliliters) of Lugols solution is exempt.

Medical Uses

During a coloposcopy, a test done to prevent cervical cancer by determining the absence or presence of pre-malignant or malignant tissue, Lugols iodine is used to swab the tissues of the cervix, vulva and vagina. The Lugols iodine improves the visualization of any abnormal tissues. Lugols iodine is also a popular alternative medicine component.

Other Uses

Loguls iodine may be used to disinfect drinking water in an emergency situation. In the marine aquarium industry, Lugols iodine is used as a dip for stony, soft or leathered corals. This treatment brightens their colors and promotes coral polyp expansion. Lugol iodine supplements for aquarium use are also available for purchase.

Benefits

Lugols iodine is an important ingredient in the body for the proper function of the thyroid gland and for the regulation of the body's energy output. Lugols iodine is also reported as having a calming effect on the nervous system, improving brain function and reducing weight by burning unwanted fat.

Foods Rich in Iodine

To maintain an adequate amount of iodine in your body, eat foods that are rich in iodine. These foods include cod liver oil, eggs, seaweed, sea salt, iodized salt, sea foods, haddock and most fresh fish. Dark-green vegetables like spinach, broccoli and romaine lettuce are rich in iodine, as well as seeds and nuts.

Warning

Do not take Lugols iodine without your doctors advice. Some people do suffer the side effects of Lugols iodine, which include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and a metallic taste in the mouth. Seek immediate medical attention for any of the following signs of an allergic reaction: rash, itching, swelling of the face, tongue or throat, or difficulty breathing.

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Use A Bladder Scanner

A bladder scanner is a diagnostic tool that measures the amount of urine in the bladder or to determine how much urine remains in the bladder after urination as a way to measure residual levels. Scanners are portable machines that are about the size of a laptop computer and are usually mounted on a roller stand. These devices are found in hospitals, home health agencies, long-term care centers and other health care facilities.

Instructions

1. Place the device next to a patient. The scanner wand sensor must be able to reach the patient's bladder.

2. Position the patient in a supine position with knees slightly bent for comfort. Uncover the lower abdominal area, keeping the rest of the patient covered for privacy.

3. Turn on the bladder scanner using the start button. The machine will offer prompts for male or female. Select your gender and then view the image of the bladder that automatically displays on the screen.

4. Apply gel to the abdomen between the umbilicus and the pubic bone. Place the wand directly onto the patient's skin over the gelled area and gently press down, manipulating the wand until you are able to visualize fluid-filled areas within the cross hairs.

5. Hold the wand over the area and push the Print button. The image will be saved and recorded on the printout paper, which will be filed in the patient's chart.

6. Wipe gel from the patient's abdomen using a paper towel and wipe off and sterilize the wand according to facility protocol. Document the results.

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What Are Gaps Clusters And Outliers In Math

Business, government and academic activities almost always require the collection and analysis of data. One of the ways to represent numerical data is through graphs, histograms and charts. These visualization techniques allow people to gain better insight into problems and devise solutions. Gaps, clusters and outliers are characteristics of data sets that influence mathematical analysis and are readily visible on visual representations.

Gaps

Gaps refer to missing areas in a data set. For example, if a scientific experiment collects temperatures in the range of 50 degrees Fahrenheit to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, but nothing between 70 and 80 degrees, that would represent a gap in the data set. A line plot of this data set would have "x" marks for temperatures between 50 and 70, and again between 80 and 100, but nothing between 70 and 80. Researchers can dig deeper and explore why certain data points do not show up in a collected sample.

Clusters

Clusters are isolated groups of data points. Line plots, which are one of the ways to represent data sets, are lines with "x" marks placed above specific numbers to depict their frequency of occurrence in the data set. A cluster is depicted as a collection of these "x" marks in a small interval or data subset. For example, if the exam scores for a class of 10 students are 74, 75, 80, 72, 74, 75, 76, 86, 88 and 73, the most "x" marks on a line plot would be in the 72 to 76 score interval. This would represent a data cluster. Note the frequency for 74 and 75 is two, but for all other scores, it is one.

Outliers

Outliers are extreme values -- data points that lie significantly outside other values in a data set. An outlier must be significantly less than or greater than the majority of numbers in a data set. The definition of "extreme" depends on the circumstance and a consensus of the analysts involved in the research. Outliers might be bad data points, also known as noise, or they might contain valuable information about the phenomenon being investigated and the data collection methodology itself. For example, if class scores are mostly in the 70 to 80 range, but a couple of scores are in the low 50s, those might represent outliers.

Impact

Gaps, outliers and clusters in data sets can impact the results of mathematical analysis. Gaps and clusters might represent errors in the data collection methodology. For example, if a telephone survey polls only certain area codes, such as low-income housing complexes or high-end suburban residential areas, and not a broad cross-section of the population, chances are there will be gaps and clusters in the data. Outliers can skew the mean or average value of a data set. For example, the mean or average value of a data set consisting of four numbers -- 50, 55, 65 and 90 -- is 65: [(50 + 55 + 65 + 90)/4]. However, without the outlier 90, the mean is about 57 [(50 + 55 + 65)/3].

Tags: data points, data sets, represent data, average value, average value data, clusters data, collection methodology

Idc Breast Cancer Prognosis

IDC breast cancer stands for infiltrating or invasive ductal cell carcinoma. This means the cancer began or originated in a milk duct of the breast, as opposed to the fatty tissue of the breast. It's considered to be invasive or infiltrating because it breaks through the duct itself and grows into the tissue and fat of the breast. Eight of every 10 cases of breast cancer are IDC or infiltrating breast cancers.

Staging

The prognosis for cancer survival is determined based on the stage of the cancer and five-year survival rates. Cancer is staged using a system pioneered by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, so the staging system is sometimes called the AJCC system. It's also sometimes referred to as the TNM system, based on the three factors used to stage the cancer. The "T" factor refers to the size of the tumor. The "N" factor refers to the presence or absence of cancer cells in the lymph nodes. The "M' factor refers to whether the cancer has metastasized or spread to other parts of the body distinct from the breast.

Stage 1 Prognosis

Stage 1 IDC refers to invasive breast cancer that has two distinct characteristics. The tumor size is either 2cm or smaller, and the lymph node involvement (the "N" number) is 0. This means there are no cancer cells present in the lymph nodes. There is no metastases in Stage 1 IDC. According to the American Cancer Society, the five-year survival rate for Stage 1 IDC is 100 percent.

Stage 2 Progonsis

There are two separate subsets for Stage 2 IDC. Patients with a tumor that is 2cm or less and cancer cells in the axillary lymph nodes, or patients with a tumor between 2cm and 5cm and no cancer in the lymph nodes are considered to be Stage 2A. Patients with a tumor between 2cm and 5 cm and cancer in the axillary lymph nodes, or with a tumor larger than 5cm and no cancer in the lymph nodes are considered to be Stage 2B. The five-year survival rate for Stage 2 IDC is 86 percent.

Stage 3 Prognosis

Patients with Stage 3A IDC have a tumor that is 5cm or smaller with a clump of cancer cells in the axillary lymph nodes, or a tumor that is 5cm or larger with a clump of cancer cells in the axillary lymph nodes. Patients with Stage 3B IDC have any size tumor and cancer cells on the chest wall and/or skin of the breast, or cancer cells in axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the breast bone. Patients with Stage 3C have cancer cells in the lymph nodes below the collarbone or in the breast bone. The five-year survival rates for patients with Stage 3 IDC is 57 percent.

Stage 4 Prognosis

Stage 4 IDC is characterized by metastases. This means the cancer has spread beyond the breast and is somewhere else in the body. The size of the tumor and lymph node involvement do not matter; the cancer has spread and is no longer curable. The five-year survival rates for Stage 4 IDC are 20 percent.

Tags: lymph nodes, cancer cells, axillary lymph, axillary lymph nodes, five-year survival, cancer cells axillary, cells axillary

Determine The Stages Of Breast Cancer

According to information from the Mayo Clinic, breast cancer most commonly occurs in either the milk ducts of the breasts or in the lobules (the structures in the breast that actually produce milk). Symptoms of breast cancer include discharge from the nipple, changes in the shape or size of the breast or a lump found in the breast or armpit area. Once breast cancer has been diagnosed, the next step is to determine its stage--or how far the cancer has managed to develop before being detected.

Instructions

1. Understand the characteristics of the various stages of breast cancer before attempting to diagnose which stage any particular case of breast cancer is in. There are five main stages of breast cancer (0, I, II, III and IV). During stage 0, the cancer is still confined to the actual milk duct and has not spread at all. During stage I, the tumor is less than 2 centimeters across. During stage II, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but smaller than 5 centimeters. During stage III, the tumor has spread to between one to 10 lymph nodes. During stage IV, the cancer has spread throughout the body to organs besides the breast (metastasized).

2. Conduct non-invasive testing to determine how far the cancer has spread. These tests include X-rays or computed tomography, mammograms, MRIs, ultrasounds and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. While the methodology of all these tests are different, they are all suited toward ferreting out the presence of suspicious cells throughout your body. Consult with your doctor to determine which test or tests are appropriate for your particular situation.

3. Consider invasive testing to conclusively determine whether or not suspicious cells are cancerous, thereby allowing a complete diagnosis for how far the cancer has spread, thus determining the stage of breast cancer. This form of testing is primarily done via biopsy. During a biopsy, your physician will insert a needle into the suspected cancerous tissue and remove a small sample for further analysis in a lab. The lab will reach a final determination on whether the tissue is cancerous, providing you with a final word on what stage of breast cancer the disease has reached.

Tags: breast cancer, During stage, cancer spread, During stage tumor, stage tumor, than centimeters, breast cancer

Veterinary Tech Schools In Massachusetts

A career for animal lovers

A veterinary technology degree is similar to a nursing degree for animals. Vet techs may work with companion animals such as dogs and cats, or equines, exotics and livestock. They also work in research facilities. Massachusetts has several schools offering veterinary tech studies, offering either a four-year bachelor's degree or two-year associate degree in the field.

Mount Ida College

This school in Newton offers both associate and bachelor's degree programs in veterinary technology. Those in the bachelor's program spend their fourth year doing internships at major vet schools, zoos and wildlife centers. Associate degree students also have an internship in their final semester of school. Students learn clinical and laboratory skills in a hands-on setting.

Mount Ida College

Veterinary Technician Program

777 Dedham Street

Newton, MA 02459

617-928-4545

mountida.edu

North Shore Community College

At North Shore Community College, the veterinary technology program is a selective admissions program. One- to three-credit classes include large animal and equine science, pharmacology, canine and feline behavior, surgical nursing and anesthesia and vet office management. Four-credit classes include biology, anatomy and physiology, microbiology and chemistry. The two-year program leads to an Associate of Applied Science degree.

North Shore Community College

Veterinary Technology Program

1 Ferncraft Road

Danvers, MA 01923

978-762-4000

northshore.edu

Becker College

Becker College in Leicester offers a two-year Associate of Science degree in veterinary technology. It features an on-campus veterinary health care clinic for hands-on experience. The curriculum includes fields trips to animal shelters and large animal facilities. Students also intern with veterinary practices, research facilities or a veterinary school. All students must have their own medical insurance and proof of certain vaccinations to participate in the internships. They must also demonstrate certain physical abilities, including the capability of lifting a minimum of 50 lbs., as would be required of a practicing veterinary technician.

Becker College

Veterinary Technician Program

964 Main Street

Leicester, MA 01524

508-791-9241

beckercollege.com

Tags: Becker College, College Veterinary, Community College, North Shore, North Shore Community, Shore Community

Vermont Suboxone Laws

Prescription drugs, like Suboxone, are addictive and need monitoring.

Vermont implemented a Suboxone drug therapy program for the treatment of opiate addiction in 2003, prior to a 2006 report by Vermont health officials. Concerns about the diversion of Suboxone (buprenorphine HCl and naloxone HCl) for illegal trade, peddling pills on the street, injecting the pills rather than taking them sublingually, and smuggling them into the state's prison instigated further controls of the drug. FDA laws regarding Suboxone regulate access by trained physicians as well as their maintenance dosage.

Access to Treatment

Vermont served in a case study to determine diversion and abuse of the drug Suboxone. Vermont state treatment officials found that diversion and abuse of opiate treatment medications has occurred. Medicaid policy in Vermont reflects the appropriate use of Suboxone for patients diagnosed with an opiate dependence. It also addresses the inappropriate use of Suboxone as prescribed for pain management. Suboxone was primarily used by white males with a history of substance abuse. A third of these patients indicated their use as a form of self-medication to decrease symptoms of heroin withdrawal. The incidence of diversion may indicate an opiate addict's efforts to self-medicate. In this situation, the addict, who would enter formal opioid treatment if such treatment were made available, begins seeking out Suboxone through illegal markets.

Physician Training

The use of Suboxone in the treatment of opiate addiction requires specialized training for prescribing physicians. Not all physicians can prescribe this medicine. The Vermont case study suggested specialized physician training prior to authorized prescription of Suboxone. This specialized training coupled with efforts to link physicians with addiction specialists involves topics such as induction/stabilization, maintenance treatment, detoxification/dose tapering, special treatment populations (pregnancy, adolescence, pain), and case studies in selecting an appropriate level of care. Consultation and referral among addiction specialists and physicians is one strategy for addressing diversion and abuse of Suboxone. Other medical staff should support prescribing physicians with their monitoring activities. Recommendations for prescribing Suboxone included the role of pharmacists in patient education and monitoring. These recommendations address gaps in the law to eliminate "doctor shopping" where opiate addicts collect multiple prescriptions from several physicians. Physician training includes patient education on the successful maintenance of their Suboxone treatment.

Maintenance Dosage

Physicians are allowed to treat up to 100 patients with Suboxone. Despite this control method, several areas of misuse occurred within the Medicaid system in Vermont. The Vermont state's Medicaid program was being billed for prescriptions from doctors not authorized to prescribe Suboxone. A patient working with an authorized treatment physician is required to attend counseling and other non-drug therapy treatments. Their target dose of Suboxone is 16 mg per day, although doses can range from 4 mg to 16 mg per day. Each dose is effective for at 24 hours. A physician's assessment of psychosocial and psychiatric co-morbidity issues determine additional dosage for the Suboxone patient, along with any take home medication.

Tags: diversion abuse, addiction specialists, case study, opiate addiction, patient education, physicians with, prescribing physicians

Place Digital Photos On Billboards Signs

Place your own images on a billboard using a billboard sign generator.

Billboard signs are large signs used to advertise to anyone passing by. While you can buy a billboard temporarily to place your own image on, that option is expensive. If you want to see your own images on billboard signs, a free alternative is to use a billboard sign generator online. Using a billboard sign generator, you can upload your own images to place on a picture of a billboard sign, and you can even add your own text to the billboard.

Instructions

Make Sweet Billboard Signs

1. Go to a website that allows you to place your own digital photos on a billboard sign; one option is the Make Sweet website. (See Resources.) Choose the type of billboard you want to place your digital photo on.

2. Click the plus sign to select a picture from your computer to put on the billboard. Click on the image to move it around on the billboard, then click the slider to the left to zoom the picture in and out on the billboard. Click "ABC" to add text to the billboard.

3. Click the red "X" to delete the picture you selected and choose another if you wish. Click the image of the floppy disk to save the picture to your computer, or click the green arrow to upload the image to the Internet. Uploading your image will redirect you to a page with your image on it. Click "Share" to share the image to Facebook, or right-click the image and choose "Copy Image Location" to copy the image's URL.

Big Huge Labs Billboard Signs

4. Go to a website such as Big Huge Labs (see Resources) to create billboard signs using your own pictures.

5. Select the picture you want to put on the billboard by clicking "Browse..." and selecting the image from your computer. You can also import images from Facebook and Flickr.

6. Customize the billboard by choosing the billboard style and positioning of your picture. Type in text you want to appear on the billboard, and choose the color of the text.

7. Click "Create" to finish making your billboard sign. Click "Edit" to continue editing your sign, or click "Save" to save the image to you computer. Click "Share" to share the image to a social networking website, or to email the image.

Image Chef Billboard Signs

8. Visit ImageChef (see Resources) for another option in creating billboard signs.

9. Click "Browse ..." to choose the photo you want to place on the billboard sign. Crop the image to fit inside the billboard; Image Chef requires all billboard images to be square. Choose the tint you want to use for the image. Type in any text you want to appear on the billboard sign.

10. Click "Preview" to see a preview of the billboard you created. If you are happy with your billboard sign, click "More" to view all the sharing options. Right-click the image and choose "Save Image As..." to save the image to your computer, or click "Share" to share the image on a social networking website.

Tags: billboard sign, your computer, billboard Click, billboard sign generator, share image, Share share

Use Estriol Usp Cream

Estriol USP cream is a bioidentical hormone support used for women who don't have enough estrogen. This particular medicine is not taken orally, but rather applied to the skin like lotion. The hormones are absorbed through the skin when applied properly.

Instructions

1. Choose a hairless portion of your body to apply the Estriol cream. Palms, inner arms, chest, neck and the backsides of your knees are ideal places because your skin is thinner in those places and can absorb the lotion more quickly.

2. Clean the desired area of skin. Estriol must be be applied to clean skin.

3. Rub the prescribed amount of Estriol into your skin.

4. Apply the lotion twice a day unless otherwise noted by your doctor. If you find that you have trouble sleeping after starting Estriol, apply the cream four hours before bed.

5. Switch to different areas of your body each time you apply Estriol. Allow four applications between each use of the same skin area. This keeps one area from becoming overly saturated.

Tags: apply Estriol, Estriol cream, your body, your skin

Become An Ris Administrator

A radiology information system (RIS) administrator is responsible for the management of the Radiology department's computerized systems. The administrator maintains updates to software and must be able to resolve any radiology system issues. RIS stores patient radiological data and imagery in an elaborate system that includes patient scheduling, tracking and reporting capabilities. Read on to learn more.

Instructions

Meet Job Requirements to Become an RIS Administrator

1. Obtain at least a Bachelor's Degree in computer science or any health related field. To work as an RIS administrator requires interaction with many areas of a hospital or clinic. Experience as a radiologic technician, nurse or medical records technician are areas that are considered helpful for the position of RIS administrator.

2. Expect to need 3 to 5 years experience in systems analysis, implementation and maintenance for consideration to become an RIS administrator in some facilities.

3. Get familiar with all aspects of MIMS (medical images management system), digital dictation and PACS (picture archive and communications system). The RIS administrator is responsible for overseeing all operations of MIMS and PACS.

4. Expect to be the departmental systems liaison between user support and the department in hospital-wide information systems management.

5. Utilize excellent planning skills to develop both short- and long-term goals relating to information systems. This requires excellent communication skills in order to coordinate with other departmental directors.

6. Work effectively on meeting deadlines. Many problems with information systems must be resolved rapidly to meet deadline-driven criteria.

7. Become knowledgeable about radiology systems such as Radiology Workflow, STAR, KinetDX, NMIS and ImageFreeway. Learn as many systems as possible to expand your job opportunities.

8. Develop conflict resolution skills. As an administrator, dealing with disputes within the department is typically part of the job requirement as well.

Apply for an RIS Administrator Position

9. Contact your local hospital or diagnostic clinic. RIS administrator positions are available in a variety of settings, including some large veterinary hospitals.

10. Keep your skills current through continuing education units. Staying on the cutting edge of technology is the best way to advance your career as an RIS administrator.

11. Look for available jobs or post your resume on Monster.com (see Resources below). You can also look for RIS administrator positions on Jobs.com (see Resources below).

Tags: information systems, administrator positions, administrator responsible, Resources below, system administrator, system administrator responsible

Straighten Natural Black Hair

Use a temperature-controlled appliance such as a flat iron to straighten your hair.

Many African-Americans choose to wear their natural hair rather than over-processing it with perms and other chemicals. However, wearing your natural black hair doesn't mean that you are limited to just one hairstyle. You can straighten your hair, which will give you the flexibility to wear it in many styles. With just a little preparation, you can successfully learn straighten natural black hair. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Shampoo and condition your hair before attempting to straighten it. Conditioning the hair gives it the extra moisture it needs to endure the heat of the straightening process. Part the hair into four to eight sections. Use pins to hold the sections in place.

2. Blow-dry each section of your hair on cool or low heat. Do this until your hair is completely dry. Blow-drying pre-straightens your hair and ensures the best results. Braid your hair in large braids if you don't have access to a blow dryer.

3. Apply a heat protectant and leave-in conditioner. These will protect your hair from the heat applied to your hair when you begin straightening it.

4. Use a temperature-controlled appliance such as a flat iron to straighten your hair so that you can monitor the temperature of the heat applied to your hair. Don't use appliances that you have to heat on the stove. The high temperature of such appliances can burn your hair.

5. Set the appliance on the lowest effective setting, and try not to exceed medium. Straighten each section of your hair. Run the appliance over each section of hair no more than twice to avoid damage.

6. Wear a satin sleeping cap to bed. This maintains the straightness of your hair. If you don't protect your hair while sleeping, it will be frizzy when you wake up.

Tags: your hair, each section, straighten your, straighten your hair, appliance such, appliance such flat, applied your

Definition Of Breast Implants

Breast implants are used by women that seek breast augmentation for cosmetic purposes or reconstruction after surgery.

Definition

Breast implants are medical devices that consist of a shell filled with silicone or saline. Saline breast implants are sometimes filled during surgery, while silicone breast implants are pre-filled.

Features

Saline breast implants can often be altered after surgery. For example, if larger breasts are desired, more saline can be injected into the implants.

Size

Breast implants are available in a wide ranges of sizes and textures. Plastic surgeons help patients determine what types of breast implants are right for them during a surgical consultation.

Considerations

In the United States, breast implants should be performed by a plastic surgeon that is certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery.

Risks

Risks associated with breast implants can include deflation, thickening of the scar tissue and rupturing.

Considerations

The decision to get breast implants should be considered carefully. Ask your plastic surgeon about the risks associated with having implants, how your breasts will look over time and if any scarring will occur.

Tags: breast implants, after surgery, associated with, breast implants, breast implants should

Farm Development Grants

Farm development grants cater to a variety of agricultural needs.

Beginning farmers face a variety of challenges, not the least of which are financial. Initial development of a farm---or even continued development of an established farm---comes with land, equipment and labor costs. In the U.S., numerous government and nonprofit organizations provide funding for farm development. In addition to these grants, some state organizations award grants tailored to the needs of resident farmers.

USDA Rural Development Grants

The United States Department of Agriculture's Rural Development branch offers a wide range of grants tailored to farm and agricultural development. As of 2010, more than 35 USDA grants assist developing farms in the areas of business, housing and utilities. These numerous grants financially aid farmers in endeavors including biofuel use, renewable energy development, rural economic development, rural business opportunities, rural housing, water and waste management, housing preservation, farm labor housing, rural community development, energy costs, pre-development and planning. In addition to grants, the Rural Development program offers direct loans, guaranteed loans, technical assistance and research and educational materials. Award sizes vary greatly per grant; interested parties should contact a local Rural Development office for details and application materials.

USDA Rural Development

Room 205-W

Mail Stop 0107

1400 Independence Ave. S.W.

Washington, D.C. 20250

202-720-4581

rurdev.usda.gov

SARE Grants

In the world of modern agriculture, many developing and established farmers turn toward sustainable agriculture. The Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education program---or SARE---lends a financial hand to advance and develop farm systems that are profitable and environmentally sound. Professional development grants help spread knowledge about sustainable agricultural practices while producer grants aid developing farmers in researching, marketing and demonstrating projects to other farmers and ranchers. Sustainable community innovation grants promote connections between farmers and sustainable farm communities in northeast and southeast regions, and on-farm research and partnership grants support developing agricultural researchers and nonprofit organizations. SARE prominently offers research and education grants to fund agricultural scientists and producers as they investigate developing farm technology. Interested farm professionals should prepare and submit a proposal to SARE.

Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education National Office

USDA-NIFA

Stop 2223

1400 Independence Ave. S.W.

Washington, D.C. 20250

202-720-6071

sare.org

Farm Aid Grants

Farm Aid works to sustain agricultural communities and industries across America. As part of its efforts, Farm Aid offers a series of grants geared toward developing farmers. Farm Aid's grants help families stay on their farms, build local markets, keep their businesses healthy in the face of corporate agriculture, train new farmers and support farmer-to-farmer programs. In 2009, Farm Aid awarded $503,500 to aid the development of family farms and agriculture. Potential grantees may submit proposals by regular or electronic mail.

Farm Aid

501 Cambridge St., Third Floor

Cambridge, MA 02141

1-800-FARM-AID

farmaid.org

Tags: Rural Development, 1400 Independence, 1400 Independence Washington, Agriculture Research, Agriculture Research Education, developing farmers, development rural

Michigan Health Insurance Laws

Health insurance in Michigan is regulated by the Department of Labor and Economic Growth. Michigan is also one of a few states that has a Patient Bill of Rights that applies to all health insurance sold in the state.

Dependent Coverage

Health insurance policies issued by a health insurer in Michigan need to provide coverage for newborns and adopted children. Coverage automatically applies for the first 31 days. Children need to be added to a parent's policy for coverage to continue.

Renewability

Health insurers in Michigan cannot cancel or refuse to renew a health insurance policy if an insured does not violate the terms of the policy. This means that an individual who has a health insurance policy and becomes sick is guaranteed to keep her policy. However, if an individual breaks any terms of the contract, such as not paying the premium on time, her policy can be canceled.

Policy Coverage

Michigan law does not obligate health insurance companies to provide an individual a health insurance policy. This means that a health insurer is free to use an individual's current and past health condition to deny coverage.

Pre-Existing Conditions

A health insurance policy provided by an insurer in Michigan has no requirements that are set by state laws. A health insurer is therefore free to set its own policies. This can include choosing what types of pre-existing conditions to cover on an individual policy. An elimination rider can be added to a policy to permanently exclude coverage for a certain condition. Premiums can also be set higher for past as well as current health conditions.

Emergency Room Care

Michigan residents who belong to a Health Maintenance Organization or HMO, such as Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Michigan, are guaranteed emergency room care. The Patient Bill of Rights law in Michigan guarantees emergency room coverage to anyone who belongs to an HMO. Care is covered until a medical condition is stable.

Complaints

Michigan's Patient Bill of Rights law gives individuals more options to expedite a complaint or appeal a denial from an insurer. When an individual files an appeal for coverage denial a final answer is guaranteed within 90 days. If an individual does not agree with an appeal decision he can appeal to the state for a final determination.

Tags: health insurance, health insurance policy, insurance policy, Bill Rights, health insurer, Patient Bill, Patient Bill Rights

The Prognosis Of Metastatic Breast Cancer

The Prognosis of Metastatic Breast Cancer

When breast cancer has spread from the breast to other parts of the body, it is called metastatic breast cancer. Treatment for metastatic breast cancer remains the same as it was before the cancer spread, but the prognosis is worse.

Considerations

According to Musa Mayer, author of AdvancedBC.org, metastatic breast cancer is not curable. This is because once it has spread to other parts of the body, there is no treatment or combination of treatments that can completely eliminate the cancer.

Treatment

Treatment for metastatic breast cancer can extend the life of women suffering from the disease. Even though the prognosis is poor, treatment can ease the side effects.

Biology of Cancer

Prognosis largely depends on the biology of the cancer. Most patients can be treated with targeted therapies when the cancer is ER (estrogen receptor) positive, PR (progesterone receptor) positive or HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) positive. These diagnoses mean the cancer is easily affected by these hormones, so treatment can be specifically tailored.

Better Health

A woman with better general health can often handle treatments better and has a healthier prognosis.

Statistics

According to Cancer Monthly, the five-year survival rate of women with metastatic breast cancer is 14 percent.

Speculation

The National Center for Biotechnology Information says that despite the poor prognosis, the outlook for a small percentage of patients can be improved if the cancer has spread to only a small number of organs.

Tags: metastatic breast, breast cancer, cancer spread, metastatic breast cancer, receptor positive, breast cancer, cancer Treatment

Running Events In San Diego

Running Events in San Diego

Running clubs and sponsored running events are held year round in San Diego. From marathons to race-for-a-cause events, runners in San Diego can choose from a number of events. Most events are open to the public, and sometimes registered participants can gain sponsorship to earn charity for non-profit organizations. Most running events have sponsorship, pricing and event information available on an official Website.

Types

Running events in San Diego vary by course map and can range from 5K, 10K or 15K. The starting location and course map will be provided prior to event day and will usually be comprised of scenic routes and park areas. Register for the San Diego Resolution Run online or log on to the official Website for dates and times. The race is subject to a two-hour limit. You'll find the link in our Resources section.

For a 10K run with an added theme, consider the St Patrick's Day 10K run and 2 to 4 Mile Run/Walk. Held on St Patrick's Day, running events benefit the Rady Children's Hospital and Health Centers. Registration is required. All fees and dates can be found in the Resources section.

For a 15K run, consider the Annual Sue Krenn 15K run in East Mission Bay; it's located off of Highway 5. The run is a challenging course that takes runners through scenic areas and trails around Mission Bay Park. See the Sue Krenn Website for additional information.

Features

Some running events offer varying course options dependent on the fitness level of the participants. These variations can be expressed in marathons that are offered as two events: a marathon and half-marathon. These and other divisions may apply, including age and fitness level restrictions. The Super Run in San Diego is a great example. It offers two-course options varying over several age categories.

For experienced or advanced runners, the San Diego Mud Run is a great 10k run. A challenging course that includes hills, tire obstacles, river crossings, 4-foot walls with mud, tunnel crawls, slippery hill climbs, and 3 mud pits, the Mud Run adds variety to the typical trail or marathon course.

Most San Diego running events offer run/walk options including the San Diego County NAMI 5k run/walk, Memorial Meters 5K Run/Walk, Revolution 5k Run/Walk, Komen San Diego Race for the Cure 5K Run/Walk, and the Annual Roberto J. Duran 5K Border. All events allow participants to do a run/walk combination or to simply walk or run the course.

Seniors should take advantage of the San Diego Senior Olympics Track & Field Meet. The annual event allows 50-plus seniors to enjoy a fun day of competitive and recreational running events.

All running events in San Diego allow seniors to compete. Any restrictions will be specified.

Geography

Enjoy a trail run like the Mission George Trail Run held at the Mission Trails Regional Park. This run--and other similar running events--are popular and attract national and international entrants early. Registration is required and preregistration is suggested. A challenging 1K or 5K trail run, the Mission George Trail races are held annualy in February. The first 300 finalists will receive a medal.

San Diego hosts hundreds of running events yearly, especially those that benefit San Diego charities and organizations. For example, the San Diego Race for Autism, Union Tribune 8K Race for Literacy and AIDS Run/Walk San Diego are all notable running events that allow participants to raise awareness and collect money on behalf of prominent San Diego organizations and causes.

Significance

Some running events in San Diego are organized for couples and are a great opportunity for partners. The Guys and Gals 4 Mile Couples Fun Run is a great running event for couples. Sponsored by the San Diego Track Club, the annual run is restricted to team entrants. An easy course in Rose Canyon, the run takes participants all the way to the north end of Santa Fe and back. Organized as a "no frills" event, the run provides "low-key fun" and does not require an entrance fee. See the Resources section for a course map.

Potential

For advanced runners, the USA Track and Field sponsors the USA Cross Country Championships and World Cross Country Team Trials. Held annually in Mission Bay Park, the championships are open to men and women as well as junior entrants. A women's, men's, junior's and team champion is awarded yearly. See Resources for a course map and registration information.

The USA Track and Field also sponsors track and field events, race walking and lost distance running events.

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Graduation Announcement Ideas

The month of June brings trips to the beaches, backyard barbecues, summer weather and school graduations. Proud parents who want to share the big news with others have several ways to let family and friends know about their special grad's achievement.

By Mail

There are many online sites that offer customized announcement options for announcing a graduation. Peartreegreetings.com, shutterfly.com and kodakgallery.com all have sections dedicated to personalized graduation announcements with options to include actual pictures of your grad on the final product. Order in advance so the cards arrive on time and are ready to mail out before the big day.

In the Newspaper

Newspapers often print important announcements from readers in their daily editions. Contact your local to paper to find out fees, policies and the process. Most will require you to create a small write-up of the achievement and may even include a picture of your graduate. Have the article custom-framed to surprise your graduate with a special gift.

Billboards

Boldly announce the graduation to the world by renting out a billboard. Contact local outdoor advertising companies to discuss the options for a larger-than-life announcement.

Business Signs and Banners

Ask your favorite restaurant or sports venue if they can announce the graduation on one of their inside or outside signs. Vistaprint.com also sells customized banners you can use for your big announcement. Just be sure to get approval before you try to hang a banner at any public venue.

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Percentage Calculation For Base Salary Vs Actual Salary

Figure out the percentage of your gross pay.

It's common knowledge that what you get paid and what you take home is not the same. If your base salary is $36,000 per year, you theoretically should take home $3,000 per month, but your actual salary, what your check is made out for, is going to be less. Gross pay is another term for base salary; net pay is often used to denote actual salary. Taxes, social security and other deductions can take a big chunk out of your pay. To figure out what percentage of your base salary your actual salary amounts to, add up your deductions and perform the division to render it as a percentage.

Gross Pay or Base Salary

Find your gross pay on your paystub. It should be marked clearly. Use the gross pay for the pay period, not the gross pay for the year. Your gross pay is the full pay you have earned, but not what you will take home.

Deductions

Add up your total deductions. These may be such things as Medicare, local and state taxes, federal taxes, and Social Security. Leave out things like direct deposits to savings accounts, unless you want to not count them as actual pay. That money is still going to you, as it's deposited to your account rather than paid by the check.

Percentage of Deductions

Figuring the percentage is a division operation. Divide the deductions by your gross pay to get a percentage for them. For instance, if your deductions total $87.22, and your gross pay is $460.00 for the pay period, the result is 0.1896, or about 19 percent. Your deductions are 19 percent of your base salary in this example.

Figuring Percentage for Actual Salary

To find the percentage your actual salary constitutes of your base salary, just subtract the percentage of your deductions from 100. Here, this leaves 81 percent. That means your actual salary is 81 percent of your base salary. You can use this number for hypothetical future situations. If your salary goes up, though, you may end up in a different tax bracket. That could increase the percentage of your deductions. Check with human resources to see what could change in regard to the new deductions.

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What Is Hardening Of The Arteries

What Is Hardening of the Arteries?

Hardening of the arteries is a disease in which the arterial tissue degenerates to the point where it becomes hardened. Hardening of the arterial tissue can occur due to a number of factors including poor diet, smoking, illegal drug use and abuse of alcohol. Hardening of the arteries often leads to other circulatory system breakdowns such as stroke, heart attack and heart disease. Hardening of the arteries is an incurable condition which cannot be fixed by medication or surgery. The best prevention methods to avoid developing hardened arteries are a healthy diet, exercise, low alcohol intake, not smoking and not using illegal drugs.

Initial Development

The initial development of hardened arteries starts in the cellular lining of the arteries. In the earliest stages, small streaks of yellow fat develop in the blood vessels. This is caused by the depositing of fat into the walls of the arteries. The streaks of fat will not cause any symptoms of hardening of the arteries to be readily apparent. Over time, the yellow fat will turn into plaque, which will impede the flow of blood through the arteries.

How Arterial Plaque Forms

The plaque that forms in arteries is caused by the buildup of low density lipoprotein (LDL) along the lining of the arteries. LDL is a form of cholesterol. When too much LDL is present in the bloodstream, it collects in the arterial wall. Over time the LDL turns into a foam in the arterial wall. Other cells are then attracted to the foam buildup and this speeds up the accumulation of more LDL in the arterial wall. In some cases the plaque in one section of arteries will break off and travel to arteries in other parts of the body.

Why Some People Develop Hardened Arteries

The only factors that a person has control over in the development of arterial hardening are high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol levels and lack of exercise. A healthy diet can also aid in reduction of arterial hardening.

In many cases, development of arterial hardening is hereditary. This can be caused by a family history of diseases related to the metabolizing of cholesterol. Statistically, men have an increased chance over women of developing hardened arteries.

Problems That Hardened Arteries Can Cause

The most common problem that hardened arteries causes is the formation of aneurysms caused by the accumulation of plaque along the arterial walls. Aneurysms are dangerous because they can rupture and cause internal bleeding. In addition, they may cause blood clots to form. These blood clots will cause either complete the blockage or break into small clots of blood that then collect in smaller arteries in the body. This process is called embolisation. Depending on where the clots form, they can cause damage to the heart, kidneys, liver and brain.

Treatment of Hardened Arteries

Hardened arteries cannot be cured, but they can be treated. In some cases, some of the blockage in the arteries can be removed with surgery. However, damage to the walls of the arteries that contain plaque formulation cannot be reversed.

The most well-known surgery for removal of plaque is called an angioplasty. Angioplasty seeks to redirect the blood flow around the blocked arteries so that overall blood flow can be improved.

If medications are used before the onset of extreme cases of arterial blockage, the possibility of complete blockage is reduced. The arterial blockage that is present before treatment cannot be completely removed. Even if the blockage is cleared, small amounts of plaque from the blockage will still be present in the arteries of the body.

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