Public Vs Private Health Insurance

Many factors determine who pays health care costs.

Private health insurance, the dominant health care insurance in the United States, is a system in which customers pay premiums to guarantee that future health costs will be paid, either in part or in full. Public health insurance consists of a range of systems, from single-payer systems to simply a government option. Which method is superior is a contentious issue.

Private Insurance

Private health insurance is a system in which individuals are responsible for securing their own health insurance coverage, although employers in many cases provide all or some of the funding. Private health insurance is the prevalent system in the United States, although programs such Medicare and Medicaid, forms of public health coverage, are commonly used.

Public Option

In a heath care system that has a public option, the government provides its own health insurance, but private insurance companies continue to provide insurance as another option for citizens. This system is not prevalent, and is generally viewed as a middle ground between those supporting private health insurance and those who want health care for all people.

Single-Payer

The single-payer health care system is a structure in which the government alone pays for health care services. There are different variations of this system, and often, such as in Canada, coverage such as eye care and dental are not always covered, leaving some patients to pay out of pocket or pursue additional insurance.

Benefits of Private Insurance

Supporters of the system of private insurance say that it encourages freedom of choice for health insurance and provides the best possible quality of care. Proponents of other options point to private insurance's inability to provide for every single person, often leaving people without health care coverage, which can result in avoidance of care and even bankruptcy.

Benefits of the Public Option

The public option is intended to increase competition among health insurance companies and in turn reduce overall health care costs by providing an affordable alternative to private insurance. Those against this idea claim it puts private insurance companies in jeopardy by making them unable to compete with a government entity that does not have to consider a profit motive.

Benefits of the Single-Payer System

The single-payer system is preferred by some because it generally provides health care to everyone regardless of background and economic status. Detractors believe it stifles advances in health care technology and reduces the quality of the health care system as a whole. The single-payer system is used by countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom.

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Types Of Surgeons & Pay

The average 2011 pay scale for surgeons varies from $121,830 to $1,352,000.

It's difficult to generalize what the average salary of a surgeon would be because of the wide variety of medical concentrations and specific ailments and diseases that exist. The U.S. Department of Labor Statistics estimates that physicians and surgeons collectively on a whole earned a median average salary of $339,738 between 2010 and 2011. Other employment and finance publications offer more specific information about different types of surgeons and their pay scale.

Neurosurgeons

Neurosurgeons specialize in surgical healing techniques that are specific to the nervous system of the patient. Typically, neurosurgeons concentrate on disorders associated with brain or spine injuries and disorders but are trained to treat and repair all aspects of the central nervous system. According to the Healthcare Salary Online website, the annual salary for neurosurgeons in 2011 varies between $121,830 and $500,000. The lowest 10 percent earn below $125k, the highest 10 percent make more than $300k and the median average is around $220k per year. When broken down hourly, neurosurgeons earn between $58 and $150 per hour.

Orthopedic Surgeons

Orthopedic surgeons perform surgical procedures to repair a patient's bones. This may include procedures to repair birth defects or abnormalities and injuries induced by accidents and sporting mishaps. The Student Doc medical education resource website estimates that in the period of 2003 through 2006 the national average salary for orthopedic surgeons was between $228,000 and $1,352,000. These figures represent the lowest and highest reported orthopedic surgeon's salaries during the three-year period. The median average reported salary was around $459,000.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons specialize in surgeries and medical procedures associated with the bone structure of the head, neck, jaw and most specifically the mouth. This type of surgeon typically performs procedures to correct dental abnormalities, remove tumors, treat fractured jaws, extract teeth and insert dental prosthetics. In 2011, CNN Money Magazine and Salary.com reported that oral and maxillofacial surgeons' annual earning range between $139,967 and $276,254 with a full earning potential -- including bonuses and benefits -- of up to $475,247.

Plastic Surgeons

Plastic -- or cosmetic -- surgeons perform procedures to repair and improve the physical appearance of their patients. They work with patients who have suffered accidents and ailments that have left them disfigured or physically vulnerable such as burn victims and patients with birth defects. Other cosmetic procedures are performed as elective surgery such as breast augmentation, face lifts and liposuction. According to Student Doc, experienced cosmetic surgeons in 2011 earn anywhere from $237,000 to $820,000 per year with the average median salary around $412,000.

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About Breast Enlargement

About Breast Enlargement

Breast enlargement is done to create an aesthetically enhanced alternative to small breasts. Implants, either silicone or saline, can be placed under the breast tissue or chest muscle. In the early 1990s, silicone implants created a scare among women because illness and leakage were linked to the implants. The Food and Drug Administration later banned silicone implants, but after many years of technological advancement, the agency reallowed silicone implants in 2006. Regardless of your decision to receive breast enlargement, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits with your plastic surgeon.

Expectations

Breast implants do not last for life. You might need further surgeries because of leakage or even because you do not like the results. The surgery is performed on an outpatient basis, meaning you can leave on the day of your operation. You will experience a lot of pain, either because of stretching of tissue or muscle to put in the implant or from incisions.

Silicone

Most women who choose silicone implants prefer them over saline because they provide a more natural look. They also mimic human fat, so they feel more natural, said Dr. Molly Walsh of the Mayo Clinic. Only women 22 or older are approved by the FDA to receive silicone implants, though they are available for breast reconstruction at any age. The reason is because the FDA thinks women at that age can make a well-informed decision on the type of implant they want.

Warnings for Silicone

If a silicone implant ruptures and causes leakage, it can cause serious scarring around the implant. It might also cause symptoms such as breast pain, abnormal lumps and breasts that are odd shaped or become smaller, said Dr. Sandhya Pruthi of the Mayo Clinic. It is important to see your plastic surgeon immediately if you experience these symptoms. On average, most silicone implants last as long as 10 years, Pruthi said.

Saline

Saline implants are generally considered to be safer. If they leak, the saline is absorbed into the body, with no known side effects, according to the FDA. Women who are 18 or older are approved by the FDA to =get saline implants, and if they are needed for breast reconstruction, they can be obtained at any age, Walsh said. Most women who receive saline implants think they are not as natural to the touch and that they create a rippling effect in the breast, Walsh said.

Considerations

After having worn implants for years, the size of your breasts will change. You might require another surgery to alter the size of your breasts again. If you decide to remove your implants, your breasts will not look the same, Walsh said. Sometimes, depending on the placement of your breast implants, you might have difficulty breastfeeding. Mammograms also become difficult because of image obscurity by the implants, Walsh said.

Risks

Breast-enlargement surgery is risky. You might have a reaction to anesthesia, develop capsular contracture--scar tissue that might harden around your breasts, disfiguring it--have constant breast pain, feel nipple sensitivity or nothing when your breasts are touched, and infection, Walsh said.

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Silicone Breast Implant Problems

Women all over the world are having breast implants. However, there is always a risk of problems with silicone breast implants. The website DocShop says, "After 14 years of scrutiny and debate, silicone breast implants have now been approved by the FDA." But it did take that long to get approved so you need to know the possible problems that may occur before having surgery.

Rupture

Silicone breast implants rupture differently than saline implants. Silicone leaks slowly while saline deflates more rapidly. With the silicone implants, you may not even know they ruptured.

Interference

Breast implants can interfere with a mammogram screening. They can block the x-ray and not give a clear reading.

Additional Surgery

Most women that get breast implants will have to have an additional surgery to correct an implant or fix a rupture.

Capsular Contracture

Capsular Contracture is when the scar tissue around the implant squeezes and tightens the silicone implant. Surgery may be needed to fix the problem.

Sensation Change

Breast and nipple sensation can change after surgery. You could get more feeling or less. It differs with each patient.

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Procedures For Breast Reduction

Women with very large breasts may choose to have a reduction mammaplasty.

A breast reduction operation (or reduction mammaplasty) removes excess tissue and skin from the breasts to reduce their size. The breasts are then reshaped and the nipples repositioned. Breast reduction surgery can even the size of a woman's breasts should one be larger than the other or relieve a series of breast-related problems. Women with very large breasts often suffer from back pain, discomfort caused by a heavy bra, rashes and skin infections under the breasts. Many women also undergo the operation for psychological or self-confidence reasons. Women who take part in sports may also choose to have the operation to make it easier to live an active life.

Preparation

A surgeon will always advise his or her patient on the best way to prepare for the operation. It may involve changes to your lifestyle immediately before the operation. For example, if you smoke, you make be asked to refrain from doing so in the weeks leading up to the procedure to reduce the risk of infection. Smoking may also slow the healing process. Breast reductions will usually be carried out under general anesthetic, which often means that you must fast for six hours before the operation. Once in hospital, the surgeon will mark your breasts with a pen to indicate their new shape while a nurse conducts safety tests and prepares you for surgery.

The Operation

The operation usually takes between two and three hours. The most common procedure begins with the surgeon making an anchor-shaped incision that circles the areola and follows the curvature of the breast down in a vertical line. Excess skin, fat and tissue are removed to decrease the size of the breast before the remaining tissue and the nipple are moved into a higher position. The skin from either side of the incision is then brought back around the areola, shaping and supporting the new breast. The wound is then stitched together, completing the procedure.

Recovery

Many patients leave the hospital on the same day, though some stay for up to four nights. As the anesthetic wears off painkillers will be given and a support bra should be worn. Patients should be able to move fairly freely within a couple of days, though the breasts may ache for one or two weeks. Most patients return to work within 14 days but should avoid anything too strenuous for around six weeks. Most patients report that their breasts are smaller and firmer following the operation, though it does leave a small scar.

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Premarin 0 3 Mg Side Effects

Premarin is a brand name for a mixture of estrogens prescribed to ease the symptoms of menopause. The 0.3 mg tablet is the lowest dosage, and patients are advised to begin treatment at 0.3 mg. Like all medications, Premarin 0.3 mg has potential side effects.

Common Side Effects

According to the Mayo Clinic, side effects of Premarin 0.3 mg that are considered common but not serious include pain in the abdomen or back, acne, clear vaginal discharge and minor swelling or soreness of the breasts.

Serious Side Effects

Serious side effects of the 0.3-mg dosage, as cited by PDRHealth, include vomiting, hypertension, high blood sugar, fluid retention and vaginitis . A patient experiencing these symptoms should consult with a physician before continuing Premarin doses.

Severe Side Effects

The Mayo Clinic cites severe side effects associated with Premarin 0.3. mg as confusion, fainting, pain in or behind the eyes, difficulty breathing, chest pain and unusual vaginal bleeding. These side effects require emergency medical attention.

Existing Medical Conditions

Before using Premarin 0.3 mg, a patient should advise her physician of existing medical conditions such as kidney, gallbladder or liver disease, epilepsy, asthma, migraines, lupus or high calcium levels in the blood.

Drug Interactions

Premarin 0.3 mg has the potential to adversely interact with blood thinners, steroid medications, tricyclic antidepressants and St. John's wort, as well as with medications used to treat epilepsy and diabetes.

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About Gold Teeth Implants

Teeth implants are permanent false teeth that are "rooted" in or on your jaw. They function just like real teeth. Many people prefer them to dentures. Gold teeth implants work much like conventional implants, but they are largely a vanity item. If you are considering having gold teeth implants, make sure that you understand all the care issues and ramifications of having this surgery.

History

In early periods of Egyptian and Chinese history, gold was used for false teeth because it was so malleable. In fact, skulls over 5,000 years old have been found to have gold teeth in their mouths. More recently, however, gold has been replaced by titanium and porcelain so that false teeth look like real ones. Now, gold teeth are mostly an accessory or an expression of individuality.

Function

Gold teeth implants have two pieces: a titanium implant that is surgically screwed into the jawbone, and the actual gold tooth. The gold tooth is attached to the implant and functions just like a normal tooth. It can be used to chew and bite, can be cleaned like natural teeth and cannot be removed.

Types

Gold teeth implants are permanent. If you like the look of gold teeth but feel that they are not professional in the workplace, you may elect to have a porcelain tooth implant with a gold cap or crown. This way, you can remove the gold for work and meetings, but wear it on personal time. "Grillz" are sets of gold caps that cover the entire bottom or top of the teeth.

Features

Gold teeth can be accessorized with additional stones and designs. To really add sparkle to your smile, you can decorate your gold teeth with real or artificial diamonds or gemstones.

Benefits

The benefits of gold teeth implants are nearly identical to the benefits of any other type of tooth implant. They are less of a strain on your surrounding teeth than bridgework because they are rooted in your jawbone instead of held to other teeth. You do not have to worry about them falling out of your mouth, and you can eat any type of food you like. They do not require special cleaning, and you entirely avoid the unpleasant issue of denture glue. Gold teeth can also make your mouth look more stylish, depending on your definition of style.

Warning

Should you elect to get gold teeth implants, remember that this decision is a permanent one. It is very complicated, painful and costly to reverse this decision later, and in some cases it is impossible. Teeth implants are less successful on people who have weak jawbones or who have a history of serious gum disease, so work closely with your doctor to make sure that your odds for a successful surgery are as good as possible.

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Use Serrapeptase For Shrinking Fibroids

Use Serrapeptase for Shrinking Fibroids

Serrapeptase is an enzyme derived from silkworm intestines first used in Europe and Asia. Its use became more common in the United States in the mid-1990s. The enzyme is thought to help ease inflammation and pain when taken several times a day. Serrapeptase works by targeting "dead" material in the body--including things like scar tissue and fibroids (benign tumors that usually appear in a women's uterus). The fibroid cells expand until the tumor becomes a rubbery mass. Serrapeptase attacks those masses by breaking down the cells that cause the fibroids to grow.

Instructions

1. Purchase serrapeptase from an herbal store or online dealer. Look for a product that has 5 mg or 10 mg pills.

2. Take 10 mg total each day, splitting the doses into 5 mg in the morning and 5 mg at night.

3. Take the serrapeptase on an empty stomach with 8 oz. of water and do not eat for at least 90 minutes after taking the pills.

4. Observe your body on the 10 mg dosage. Be aware of any negative reactions, such as nausea or bruising. If you experience any bad side effects, stop taking the enzyme.

5. Increase your dosage after at least one week on 10 mg of serrapeptase. Increase the daily dosage amount to 20 mg, taking 10 mg each morning and night. Continue to take the pills on an empty stomach with 8 oz. of water.

6. Consult your physician about how long to continue taking serrapeptase. The answer varies by an individual's health and the nature of the fibroids.

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Different Types Of Health Care

Health care is an important part of American society. Since there is no national socialized health care, Americans must find different ways to pay for their care. Luckily there are some systems in place that help the less fortunate cover some costs for normal checkups and emergency procedures, while other health care options require paying deductions in exchange for better coverage. This article will explore different kinds of health care systems.

Universal Health Care

Universal care is when an entire society is covered by some form of health care, regardless of income or status. Funding isn't always solely from the government; some universal systems allow private contributions to expand health care benefits, while others force employers to contribute. In China, the rural universal health care is paid for by a combination of the country's government, provincial government and the patients. In the Netherlands, the elderly, terminally ill and long-term mentally ill patients are fully covered through taxation.

Medicare

The United States does not have universal health care, but it does have Medicare to cover special populations. Medicare is designed to provide health care coverage for qualifying citizens 65 and older. Those under 65 who are disabled and collect Social Security Disability Insurance benefits are also qualified to receive it. Medicare covers limited hospital stays, certain services like X-rays and ambulance transportation and chemotherapy.

PPOs

Preferred provider organization plans (PPOs) are health care plans that involve users paying for services as they are rendered. Members would enroll through their employer and make contributions to a plan that has a set amount of coverage per person. Contributions are pre-taxed. Whenever a member makes an appointment with a doctor that accepts the plan, the insurance company will pay for the visit at an often agreed-upon reduced price. The insurance company deducts that amount from your coverage allowance. Some plans allow unused amounts to roll over into the next year. Other PPOs also offer discounts on preventive care and other coverage like dental care or eyeglasses.

HDHCPs

High-deductible health care plans offer some of the best all-around coverage for health issues. The premiums are typically lower compared with other health care plans. However, as the name implies, using the plan could come with large, out-of-pocket expenses. HDHCPs can be funded by health savings accounts that are tax-free. These accounts are invested in mutual funds that allow them to grow. If these funds are kept for long periods of time with little use, a person could have a substantial amount of health care money when he gets older and is more likely to use it.

Medicaid

Medicaid is another health care system used in the United States. Medicaid is funded by both federal and state governments. It is provided to those who have low income but also fall into other specified categories. For example, someone with low income and a disability such as blindness could qualify for certain medical coverage, while a low-income person with no disabilities may get limited or no Medicaid coverage. See the additional resources below for more specific categorical information.

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Does Health Insurance Cover Hiv Treatment

HIV treatments are often covered by insurance, but it depends on the situation.

Though a diagnosis of HIV is scary already, added to that is the uncertainty over insurance. The medications and clinical treatment methods for HIV can be very expensive and require daily attention, all of which can add up quickly. Fortunately, insurance covers most HIV treatment. However, there are situations when the health insurance may not cover the HIV treatment as well.

Pre-Existing Conditions

For those who already have health insurance at the time of the diagnosis, there is usually no problem. For those who do not, coverage could be denied under a "pre-existing condition" policy. States such as Florida, New Jersey, New York and California make it illegal to deny a group health insurance policy to someone with a pre-existing condition.

Prescription Drug Coverage

For those with a prescription drug component, this should also be covered under the policy. The insurance company cannot deny a patient medically-necessary drugs simply because the patient is HIV positive. However, the insurance company may not pay as much for brand name drugs as it will for generics. If this is the policy, it must be enforced on all policies, not just those for clients with HIV.

Lifetime Maximums

Though many people will never come close to their lifetime maximums on a health insurance policy, those with HIV may challenge that limit, usually set at $1 million or $2 million. That is one more way that insurance companies may eventually deny coverage. However, even with HIV, which can be controlled to a great extent through drug therapy, reaching lifetime maximums is rare (see resources below).

Losing a Job

If an HIV patient loses a job, his or her health insurance coverage could also be threatened. A federal law known as COBRA guarantees patients can keep health insurance for up to 18 months after leaving their employment, but they are responsible for the full cost of premiums. However, this is a way to ensure coverage for treatment.

Experimental Treatments

Treatments that are not designated by the FDA as approved treatments for a condition may be denied as claims. These are referred to as experimental treatments and insurance companies are not required to pay for such treatments. Though they may represent the only hope for some people, the cost of the treatment is up to the individual.

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Mri Technician Job Information

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain.

MRI technicians are a group of radiologic technicians who specialize in the operation of magnetic resonance imagining machines. MRI technicians help to prepare patients for MRI scans, as well as operate the machinery to complete the scans. MRI images produce multiple 3D cross-sectional scans of the body and help doctors more accurately diagnose diseases such as cancer in patients.

Work Environment

MRI technicians work in clean, sterile environments, most often in a hospital or clinic setting. They must remain on their feet for long periods of time and should have good physical stamina as they may be required to lift or turn disabled patients.

Some MRI technicians may work in traveling units. These mobile units, usually in large vans or motor coaches, travel to patients (often in rural areas) to perform diagnostic imaging.

Radiation hazards are a real concern for MRI technicians as well as all other radiologic technician positions; however, the use of lead gowns, other shielding devices as well as instruments that measure the level of radiation exposure have helped to minimize risks of radiation danger. Most MRI technicians wear badges that measure the amount of radiation they are exposed to, and detailed records are kept of how much radiation an employee is exposed to over her entire work history.

Qualifications

Individuals interested in becoming an MRI technician must first complete training to become a radiology technician. Training programs to become a radiology technician lead to either a certificate, an associate's degree or a bachelor's degree. Among these options, an associate's degree is the most popular route most individuals follow to obtain their education. There are many community colleges and private vocational schools throughout the country that offer radiology technician programs. Courses of study include pathology, radiation physics and patient care, among others. After formal education most states require radiology technicians to pass exams and be licensed.

After an individual has obtained a license as a general radiology technician, he can then apply to a specialty program to become an MRI technician. These programs provide one or two years of training in magnetic imaging resonance. Just as radiology technicians must achieve licensure after completing formal education, so too must MRI technicians.

Opportunities for Advancement

Experienced MRI technicians may be promoted to chief technician or supervisor. If a candidate pursues higher education in a field such as business health administration, she may also be a candidate for department supervisor.

Salary

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for an MRI technician in the United States is just over $25 an hour. The bottom 10 percent of MRI technicians earn about $17 an hour, while the top 10 percent make more than $36 an hour.

Job Outlook

Employment of radiology technicians, including MRI technicians, is expected to grow by 17 percent between 2008 and 2018. Many of these jobs will be found in small clinics, doctor's offices and imaging centers. As the cost of imaging technology decreases, more physicians will be able to offer these services in their offices, and therefore, more radiology technicians will be needed in the work force.

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Auto Mechanic Courses

Find courses in auto mechanics that lead to ASE-certification.

Cars, cars, cars. If you're stuck in traffic gridlock, you may wonder why Americans are such happy automobile owners. Americans are historically infatuated with their automobiles to the extent that the car is a "fixture of American culture," notes EyeWitness to History. Notions of public transportation and green issues have often met with public lack of cooperation. As the "New York Times" reported in 2009, "convincing people to give up their cars is often an uphill run." But today's cars are different from the early models and auto mechanics must take extensive coursework to stay current with rapidly changing automobile technology.

Job Function

Some people seem to have an innate knowledge of and desire to work on cars, and a job as an auto mechanic is a natural progression for them.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) describes the job of auto mechanic as someone who is trained to "inspect, maintain, and repair automobiles and light trucks that run on gasoline, electricity, or alternative fuels, such as ethanol." At one time, the job was much simpler than today, as auto mechanics often made simple repairs and performed routine vehicle maintenance. But the modern-day mechanic, due to the highly complex nature of 21st Century vehicles, with computers and highly evolved electronic technology, must know do the simple repairs and work with shop computers and digital diagnostic equipment. Therefore, a good auto mechanic has often had years of auto mechanic courses. In addition, since the technology changes so rapidly, the mechanic must constantly attend refresher and continuing education courses to stay up-to-date with the ever-changing technology.

Mechanic Training

Auto mechanics is a field for everyone.

Thousands of technical, vocational and trade schools and community colleges offer auto mechanic courses. However, the BLS reports that you should only look for programs that prepare you to earn Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) certification. Most automotive repair shops require that you have a certain number of these certifications, which differ from state to state. The National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation is the organization that qualifies schools to offer certifications. In addition, after training, you need to complete an internship or apprenticeship program with a certified auto mechanic shop, so look for a school that has existing partnerships with highly regarded area automotive shops.

Essential Coursework

Customer service skills are essential for an effective automotive mechanic.

Any auto mechanic program worthy of investigation should offer significant training in the fields of: basic-to-advanced auto repair and technology; engines; heating and cooling; computer systems and technology; ignition systems; fuel and fuel systems; lubrication; brakes and suspension; and wheel alignment and suspension techniques. In addition, you should take business classes to prepare you for dealing with the business aspect of working for, and working at, a shop. Qualified schools often require courses in English, mathematics, physics and chemistry. In addition, a well-trained auto mechanic must know diagnose engine and general automobile problems, so your education should provide you with a background in diagnostic computer testing. Another essential element of training is customer service as mechanics are often required to deal directly with customers. Consumers are often not pleasant when they have car problems, so the ability to deal with a wide variety of personalities and emotions is an essential skill.

Certification Options

You must learn to perform diagnostic testing on automobile engine components.

The National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE), a non-profit organization, suggests that auto mechanics attain certification to become an ASE-certified master technician, often called a master mechanic. To obtain the first level of certification, the potential mechanic must take tests that cover all the major areas of technical automobile repair and service. The test is offered in May and November, and you are required to pass at least one of the exams to become certified. If you pass an entire battery of eight exams in areas such as engine performance, engine repair, brakes, heating and cooling, electrical and electronic systems, manual drive train and axles, automatic transmission and suspension and steering, and have the required two-years' experience, you obtain the master technician title. The tests are administered by industry experts, and you are required to retest every five years to keep your master technician status.

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Determine Whether A Louis Vuitton Is Real

Don't spend a lot of money on an imitation Vuitton bag.

Louis Vuitton is a French fashion designer known for stylish and expensive couture handbags. Because a Vuitton bag is out of many people's price range, it may be tempting to buy one on the internet at a discounted price. The bag you buy, however, could be a clever imitation. Know what you are looking for when shopping online or at a discount retailer so you don't get cheated with a knockoff Vuitton. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Do some research. Before you buy a discounted Vuitton, check the company's website and retailers that sell authentic bags. Make sure the bag you're eying is a style that was actually created by Vuitton. Some imitators put the Vuitton name on styles never made by the designer.

2. Look closely at the detailing. Leather on the handles should be the same color as the leather on the handbag itself. Stitching should be perfectly even and symmetrical on both sides of the bag. If you see uneven stitches or leather that appears glued, the bag is not real.

3. Check the insignia. The "LV" monogram on all handbags can look different but, for the most part, the "LV" stamping on actual Vuitton bags is in line and placed evenly around the bag. If insignias are not aligned and look scattered, the purse is not a real Vuitton. A few styles of genuine Vuitton bags have upside-down "LV" monograms, but the monogram will be upright on the opposite side of the bag. A knockoff bag may have upside-down monograms on the back and the front of the bag.

4. Look for a serial number. Genuine Vuitton bags have a stamped date or serial number inside. Check along the inside seams of the bag for the number. Fake bags may not have this number. Look at a real Vuitton bag before you purchase your bag so you will know what the numbers look like.

5. Eyeball the bag. Look for hardware that seems crooked or discolored, metal pieces that are broken, dried glue seeping out, weird coloring and anything that seems amiss. Compare the bag to real Vuittons and see if you detect any differences.

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About Breast Cancer Type 4

Type 4 breast cancer is the most severe stage of breast cancer. If left untreated, type 4 (or stage 4) breast cancer can be life-threatening

Types

Type 4 breast cancer means that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, which puts the patient at even greater risk. Type 4 breast cancer is also known as metastatic breast cancer, and usually spreads to the bones and organs.

Significance

When a patient enters Type 4 breast cancer, their life is in danger because of how rapidly the cancer is spreading to other organs and bone tissue. In Stage 4 breast cancer, patients are usually seriously ill and require hospitalization.

Treatment

Oncologists take a proactive approach to fighting cancer at this dangerous stage. Chemotherapy and radiation treatments are usually recommended. Oncologists will in some cases also surgically remove cancerous lymph nodes and cancerous lumps and tumors (especially if cancer has spread to the brain).

Warning

If a patient smokes and is diagnosed with Stage 4 breast cancer, doctors recommend that patients immediately quit smoking, as continued smoking can make the cancer worse.

Prevention/Solution

Type 4 breast cancer can be prevented by catching breast cancer in its early stages. Getting a routine mammogram each year after age 40 and performing a monthly breast self-exam is highly recommended.

Misconceptions

Any woman--regardless of age--is at risk for breast cancer. Men have also been diagnosed with breast cancer, so it's not solely a female disease.

Tags: breast cancer, Type breast, Type breast cancer, breast cancer, cancer spread, diagnosed with, Stage breast

Become A Sonographer In Las Vegas

Sonographers work with ultrasound machines to perform diagnostic tests. The machines provide an image of the patient using sound waves. There are various types of sonography including general sonography, and sonographers who specialize in areas such as gynecology, mammography and vascular technology. Sonographers generally work in hospitals, doctors offices and clinics. Most employers prefer to hire sonographers who are registered. For individuals interested in becoming a sonographer in Las Vegas, Nevada follow the steps below.

Instructions

1. Attend a sonography program which is accredited by the Commission of Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs(CAAHEP). Graduates must attend an accredited program in order to be eligible to take the registry exam. Visit the CAAHEP website for a list of schools located throughout the United States. For applicants who want to attend school in Nevada, The College of Southern Nevada in Las Vegas is the only accredited program in the state.

2. Take classes such as medical terminology, anatomy, basic sonography and physics for sonographers. Most sonographer programs are two to four years in length. Keep in mind general education classes will also need to be taken in order to earn the degree.

3. Complete a clinical internship. Students will be assigned to small Las Vegas hospitals such as Mountainview Hospital and larger medical centers such as Desert Springs Hospital Medical Center. Students will rotate through various areas and specialties in sonography such as pediatrics, vascular, abdominal and gynecology.

4. Pass the registry exam and become certified. The exam is offered through the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS). As with many other states, a license to do sonography is not required in the state of Nevada. However, most Las Vegas area hospitals prefer to hire a sonographer who has earned the certification.

5. Apply for a job at hospitals such as the University Medical Center in Las Vegas. The medical center is the largest trauma center in Las Vegas and employs several sonographers. In addition to Vegas area hospitals, companies such as Vision Medical Imaging hire sonographers to work as mobile sonographers, performing tests in Las Vegas nursing home and jails.

6. Consider specializing in areas of sonography such as neurosonology or obstetrics. Sonographers who have additional training and specialize may be more marketable and have an easier time obtaining employment in the Las Vegas area. The ARDMS offers additional registry exams in specialty areas. Visit their website for requirements needed to take the specialty exams.

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Most Marketable Masters Degrees

An advanced degree in any field makes employees more marketable and helps develop and fine tune skills already learned after years of working in the field. A graduate degree can mean a 21 percent salary increase, and that can lead to making $400,000 more than someone with a bachelor's degree, according to CBS News Moneywatch.

MBA

The graduate degree in business administration (MBA) from a quality, well respected school holds a high level of marketability because it teaches students how business works and the language of the business world. It prepares students for careers beyond a traditional economics or accounting degree and readies them for executive leadership roles. The MBA works well with any undergraduate degree (not just business) adding business savvy to an employee's portfolio. In the field of health care, doctors and nurses are using the MBA to complement their degrees and get ready for roles as administrators and hospital executives.

Professional Service Masters Degree

The Professional Service Masters Degree crosses several academic disciplines including business, technology and regulatory affairs. PSM graduates train people for careers in bioengineering, financial math and computational science. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, the PSM is very marketable because of its flexibility and marketability.

Engineering

Engineers starting out with a mechanical or electrical engineering degree often look to add a second engineering degree to create a niche and become more marketable, since a master's program often prepares people for leadership roles in an engineering firm. According to payscale.com, those with a master's degree in petroleum engineering can earn as high as $175,000 per year.

Education

While the need for teachers continues to grow, a master's degree in science or math is marketable because of a constant shortage. School districts around the country recruit those with strong math backgrounds and skills to the teaching profession, according to Science Daily. In addition, those with advanced education in special education are also highly sought after.

Tags: those with, engineering degree, graduate degree, leadership roles, marketable because, master degree

Draw The Car From Dukes Of Hazzard

Draw the Car From Dukes of Hazzard

The Dukes of Hazzard, like the characters on "Knight Rider," are much less famous than their iconoclastic cars. The General Lee, the outlaw car of the Duke boys, had been ingrained in any child, teen or adult who watched this car launch over ramps, rivers and just about anything else. Drawing the General Lee depends on adding the characteristic details such as the Rebel flag on the roof, the wide grill and the legendary orange paint job.

Instructions

1. Draw the body of the General Lee with a large rectangular cube. Do this by drawing a rectangle that is slightly diagonal on the page so that the right end is pointed to the upper right corner of the page. Add a short vertical line coming down from the upper left, lower left and lower right corners of the rectangle. Connect these lines together with two perpendicular lines sort of like a reversed "L" shape. Add a diagonally turned square on top of the back middle of this cube. The square will be the roof of the car.

2. Draw the wheels with two circles on the side of the cube. Add a trapezoid to the front of the hood to create the windshield. Do this by drawing two lines coming off the upper left and lower left corners of the roof square. Connect these with a long line running across the hood of the car. Add the side windows with a triangle to the right side of the windshield. Draw a square to the right of the triangle and attach another triangle to the right side of this square.

3. Draw the Confederate flag on the top of the hood of the car. Do this by drawing an "X" shape across the hood. Inside the "X" shape add 13 small stars. Draw the side door with a vertical line coming down the from the left corner of the side window. Add another vertical line coming down from the bottom right side of the side window's square guideline.

4. Draw a large "01" on the side of the door. Add rims to the tires with small circles inside each wheel. Add the grill with two small rectangles on the front of the car. Add the bumper with a long thin rectangle to the front of the car just below the grill.

5. Erase any guidelines that you do not wish to keep. Trace your pen along the pencil strokes. Set the illustration aside until the ink drys. Erase all of the remaining pencil.

6. Color the entire body of the car orange. Color the stripes of the confederate flag blue, leave the stars white and color the background red. Color the "01" black. Color the bumper, windows and grill gray. Color the tires black.

Tags: coming down, coming down from, down from, Dukes Hazzard, left lower, line coming

The Role Of Women In The Arawak Age

Christopher Columbus meets indigenous Arawaks on Hispaniola.

Tales of the seafaring Arawaks stretch back more than a millennium with Arawak women acting as a guiding force in the society's continuing survival. The Arawak tribe began around 1000 AD as part of a large migration out of modern day Bolivia, Peru and Brazil. This group slowly moved into Venezuela and Guyana, eventually island-hopping across the Caribbean. Over time, some of the Arawaks divided into smaller groups, which became the Taino, Calusa, Lucaya, Carib and other tribes. Today, descendants of the Arawaks still live throughout the Caribbean islands.

Women and Agriculture

The Arawak women played a significant role in the day-to-day affairs of the tribe. During the pre-Columbian era, the Arawaks were mostly an agrarian, peaceful people. Upon his arrival, Columbus found them to be honest, unselfish and happy. The children and men of the tribe roamed the islands naked, bronzing their bodies in the tropical sun. The women dressed slightly more modestly, sometimes wearing short skirts. The Arawaks designed their villages so that work was equally divided between men and women. During migrations to a new area, the men would clear the raw farm land and then the women would begin planting. The Arawak women and girls shared responsibility for planting and harvesting all the crops, including corn, cassava and cotton. The women's duties also included preparing the meals.

The root crop cassava emerged as the Arawak's main staple food, despite it being poisonous in its natural state. The Arawak women followed a meticulous regimen when preparing a cassava bread that involved extracting the poison through a wicker tube hung from a tree.

Sewing, Spinning and Weaving

The Arawaks lived in thatched huts designed to withstand hurricanes. On the inside, families slept blissfully in cotton hammocks sewn together by the Arawak women. The hammocks had intricate designs that led researchers to believe the women had knowledge of advanced sewing techniques; in fact, evidence of spinning tools has been found at Arawak archaeological sites. The women also used cotton to weave fishing nets and bird traps.

Family Life

The role of the Arawak woman in the family was complex. Arawaks practiced polygamy, and most males had two or three wives. Most Arawak women aspired to marry the cacique, or chief. The caciques inherited their position, and the title holder was held in great esteem. In order to increase the likelihood of a male heir, the caciques were permitted to have as many as 30 wives. A cacique's wife had many benefits. She had the respect and admiration of everyone in her village and she, along with her children, would also enjoy a more luxurious lifestyle. But there was a downside. When the caciques died, they were buried, placed in a cave or burned in their homes. The Arawak custom of the time was to choose at least three of the cacique's favorite wives to suffer the same fate as a final tribute. The wives received water and cassava for sustenance on the journey to join their husband in Coyaba (heaven), where they would continue their spousal duties.

Arawak Demise

The Arawaks' simplistic lifestyles dramatically and irreversibly changed with the arrival of the Europeans in the 15th century. Within two generations, the Europeans decimated the Arawak population throughout the islands due to the introduction of new diseases, annihilistic warfare and a combination of malnutrition, overwork and physical abuse during Arawak enslavement.

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Careers In Digital Media Production

Digital media production involves developing, creating and editing videos that use computer-based or digital means of recording rather than traditional analog methods that use film. Numerous careers exist within the field of digital media production, including creative, management and technical positions. Each job title in the digital media production industry has its own educational requirements and salary expectations.

Multimedia Artists

Multimedia artists use computers to make the pictures for animated videos used in films and on television and Internet websites. Artists typically work for production companies, though some are freelance workers who are self-employed and may work for numerous employers. Sometimes called animators, multimedia artists refer to other artists' storyboards or still images that tell a story when creating their work. Multimedia artists typically need a minimum of a bachelor's degree to work in the field. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) estimates that the demand for workers in the field will increase by 14 percent from 2008 through 2018, but cautions that competition for these jobs will likely be high. As of May 2009, multimedia artists averaged annual salaries of $62,810, according to BLS.

Producers

Producers serve as the head business managers for a digital media production. Often investing some of their own money into a project, producers make the final decisions concerning the look and sound of the project. The producer also establishes a budget for the project and obtains loans or other investors as necessary to finance it. During the course of the project, producers monitor its progress according to time schedules and the budgetary constraints governing it. Although no specific educational requirements exist for producers, knowledge of the business is typically beneficial. Many producers begin in other fields in the arts, such as acting or musical performance. The average annual salary earned by producers was $86,870 as of May 2009, explains BLS.

Sound Engineers

Sound engineers use technical equipment to create the audio tracks used in digital media. During the recording phase, engineers utilize microphones to capture sound, such as the voices of actors and actresses or the music made by live performers. Engineers ensure that the sound recorded is of high quality and may request additional recordings when necessary. After recording, mixing technicians combine all of the sounds that will appear in a project, such as the musical soundtrack, the characters' voices and sound effects. Most sound engineers specialize in either recording or mixing, though for small digital media productions, technicians may perform both. Post-secondary education is necessary for sound engineers; a one-year vocational certificate or diploma is the minimum requirement, though some employers prefer technicians with associate degrees. As of May 2009, sound engineers averaged salaries of $53,940 per year, reports BLS.

Video Editors

Video editors take all of the footage for a digital media production and combine them into their correct sequence. Editors may shorten scenes or eliminate them completely under the direction of the producer. To complete their work, editors use computer equipment and watch footage on monitors. Educational requirements vary among employers, but typically post-secondary training in digital media production or a related field is necessary to work as an editor. The average salary earned by video editors as of May 2009 was $63,680, according to BLS.

Tags: media production, digital media, digital media production, digital media, educational requirements, project producers

What To Expect With A Mastectomy

A mastectomy is a surgical procedure that completely removes breast tissue as a treatment for breast cancer. Some patients can choose to undergo breast reconstruction to bring back shape, sometimes at the same time as the procedure.

Background

A mastectomy can be performed on one or both breasts for a variety of cancers. If the cancer is in its early stages, some patients might be able to choose a lumpectomy to remove only the tumor.

Surgery

Surgery can take two to three hours. The surgeon makes an incision around the nipple, separates the skin from the breast tissue and removes all tissue. A full, radical mastectomy will also remove some chest muscles.

Recovery

Hospital stays can last up to three days. Recovery typically involves prescribed pain medication and antibiotics, arm exercises and safeguarding against infections. A patient might have to deal with a remaining surgical drain until removal during the first follow-up visit with the doctor.

Potential Effects

Besides bleeding and infection, a patient undergoing a mastectomy can experience swelling, shoulder pain, numbness in the area and hematoma.

Aftermath

In the months following surgery, a patient might experience fatigue and phantom pains, which can be alleviated with analgesics and pain medication. Arm exercises should be continued to prevent stiffness. A patient might also need additional treatment such as hormone therapy or chemotherapy.

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Enlargement Of Breast In Male

Enlarged breasts in males is common but can cause damage to self-esteem.

Enlarged breasts in males, gynecomastia, is a condition linked to hormonal imbalance. Boys and men may feel intense shame and social embarrassment because of their chest size. Gynecomastia may be symptomatic of an underlying disease. Certain prescription medicines, street drugs and even natural plant compounds containing phytoestrogens--found in soy, lavender and tea tree oils--can promote atypical breast development in males. Liposuction or surgery can successfully reduce excess breast tissue.

When Is Enlargement of Breasts in Males Normal?

Gynecomastia in males is common during developmental milestones. A baby boy is born with swollen breasts due to exposure to maternal hormones. According to Ohio State University Medical Center, "About 65 percent of 14-year-old boys have gynecomastia ... and about 90 percent [of them] will have natural regression of the breast tissue." If the condition persists beyond puberty, a physician should be consulted. Testosterone levels decline in men past the age of 50 and may cause large breasts.

Causes of Atypical Breast Enlargement in Men

Abuse of alcohol, steroids or drugs--such as marijuana and heroin--can impair testosterone production or synthesis and affect breast growth. The Physicians Desk Reference lists gynecomastia as a possible side effect of many prescription medicines, including Zantac and Xanax. Diseases of the testis, pituitary and liver may cause breast enlargement, as well. According to Dr. Jorge Martinez, "Gynecomastia has also been linked to tea tree oil and lavender oil. Phytoestrogens, a component of soy products, have estrogen-like properties, and in large amounts they can lead to gynecomastia."

Psychological Ramifications

Guys with large breasts try to avoid public scrutiny.

Boys or men with enlarged breasts may withdraw socially because of poor body image. They may be taunted or bullied for having female-like breasts or "man-boobs." They may dread sexual contact due to fears of rejection. Some boys may try to camouflage their condition by hunching over or wearing baggy clothing. They may avoid swimming, showering or participating in any activity that requires them to remove their shirts in public.

Consult a Physician or Surgeon

Any man concerned about the size of his breasts should consult an internist or an endocrinologist to rule out underlying medical conditions. If surgery is an option, the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons can provide the name of a board-certified surgeon. Following the surgeon's medical advice regarding surgery and recovery is the best chance for a healthy outcome. Medical insurance does not typically cover liposuction, mammaplasty, or laproscopic surgery for breast reduction purposes.

Minimizing Your Risk of Developing Gynecomastia

Gynecomastia is one of the side effects of some prescription medicines.

Keep your weight within a normal range. Excess body fat is linked to high levels of estrogen and can lead to enlargement of breasts in males. Avoid alcohol and illicit drugs. Do not use steroids. Read the safety fact sheet that comes with your prescription medicines for possible side effects. Limit your consumption of soy products, essential oils, or other products containing phytoestrogens--which may alter breast tissue in men. Drugs for male pattern baldness, such as Propecia, should be avoided.

Tags: prescription medicines, breast tissue, breasts males, Enlarged breasts, Enlarged breasts males, large breasts, males common

Miosha Rules On The Employee Hearing Test

Long-term exposure to the noise of a power mower may cause hearing loss.

Imagine what it would be like to listen to a power lawn mower for eight hours a day, five days a week. A power mower produces 90 decibels of sound, according to the Galen Carol Audio website. A decibel (dB) is a unit of measurement used to express the intensity of a sound.

The Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Administration (MIOSHA) sets limits on decibel levels and time of exposure to noise at the workplace. For example, a sand blaster or a loud rock concert produces 115 dB of sound, and under MIOSHA regulations, a worker exposed to more than 15 minutes at this decibel level is in danger of hearing loss.

Hearing Test Requirements

Prolonged exposure to loud workplace noises can cause gradual hearing loss.

Work-related hearing loss occurs over time and is not accompanied by pain. It may go undetected without regular hearing tests. MIOSHA requires that employees at risk for hearing loss be given a baseline hearing test within the first six months of employment and once a year thereafter.

Employees are considered "at risk" if they are exposed to noise levels that average 85 dB or higher over an eight-hour work shift or are exposed to higher noise levels for shorter time periods. These at-risk workers must also be given a hearing test when they are transferred out of a hearing-hazardous job or when their employment ends.

Test Administration

Hearing tests must be administered by a certified audiologist.

The employer must support hearing conservation activities by providing resources for hearing tests (audiometric evaluations) or by contracting with mobile test providers or local hearing clinics. All hearing tests must be conducted by a certified audiologist or an audiology graduate student supervised by a certified audiologist.

Before a hearing test, the audiometer equipment must be calibrated and tested to ensure accuracy. In addition, the employee must complete a medical history, and the audiologist must review the medical history before the test.

Test Results

The audiologist gives an employee the results of his hearing test and directions on next steps.

Once the test is completed, the audiologist must review the test results while the employee waits. The audiologist compares the results to those of the baseline hearing test, looking for a "threshold shift" -- a change in hearing of 10 dB or more, especially at a low frequency (soft sounds) or a change in hearing in only one ear (an asymmetrical loss). The audiologist also looks for other indicators of a problem.

If there is a threshold shift, an asymmetrical hearing loss or other indications of problems, the hearing test must be repeated, along with additional tests, as needed. Once the results are reviewed, the audiologist gives the employee the results along with directions on next steps to be taken, if any.

Noise Analysis and Hearing Conservation

Employers must analyze noise levels in the workplace and take steps to protect employee hearing.

Employers are required to conduct a sound-level survey whenever there is a "knowledge or suspicion" that noise levels exceed an average of 85 dB over eight hours or when employees are exposed to louder levels of noise over shorter time periods. In addition, sound-level surveys must be conducted any time production, equipment or administrative changes are made in the workplace that might change the noise exposure for any employee.

The employer is responsible for providing hearing protection equipment for those at risk for hearing loss and must ensure that the protective equipment is used. If the noise level in the workplace changes, the hearing protection equipment must be re-evaluated to determine whether it is adequate for hearing conservation given the change in the noise level.

Tags: hearing loss, hearing test, noise levels, certified audiologist, along with, audiologist gives, audiologist gives employee

Medicare Eligibility Rules

Medicare Eligibility Rules

Medicare is a federal program launched in 1965 to provide heath insurance to people 65 years old and older or meeting other qualifications. President Harry S. Truman was the first person to sign up for Medicare.

Residency

Medicare applicants must be U.S. citizens or legal aliens who have lived in the United States for at least five consecutive years.

Younger than 65

Applicants younger than age 65 must be disabled or are being treated for end-stage renal disease, either with dialysis or surgery. If disabled, the applicant must be receiving Social Security payments or Railroad Retirement Benefits for two years before being eligible for Medicare. The individual can file for Medicaid in the meantime.

Tenure

An applicant or spouse must have worked for a minimum of 10 years in a Medicare-covered job.

Retirement

An individual does not have to be retired to apply for Medicare if 65 and older. If the person is not able under federal law to retire until age 67--but the applicant, his spouse or former spouse has paid into Social Security for more than 10 years--the applicant is eligible for Medicare.

Plan A

If 65 or older and already receiving Social Security or Railroad Retirement Benefits, or eligible to receive either but have not yet filed, a person is automatically approved for Medicare. The same is true if an applicant's spouse worked for the government under Medicare-covered employment.

Plan B

Medicare Plan B is open to any U.S. citizen or legal alien 65 or older with the payment of monthly premiums.

Tags: applicant spouse, Social Security, Eligibility Rules, eligible Medicare, Medicare Eligibility, Medicare Eligibility Rules

Respiratory Therapist Schools Near Lancaster California

Respiratory therapists provide specialty health-care services in various clinical settings. California has 33 accredited respiratory therapy programs to meet the growing need for respiratory therapists. Three of these programs are near Lancaster. (see reference 1)

Antelope Valley College

The respiratory therapist program at Antelope Valley College confers an associate of science degree in respiratory care/therapy. Prerequisite courses include general biology, chemistry, anatomy and physiology, with labs, with a minimum 2.0 grade point average. Once admitted, students must have a physical examination to ensure that they have no communicable diseases. Full-time students finish the program in two years. including a summer session. (see reference 2)

Antelope Valley College

3041 W Ave K

Lancaster, CA 93536

661-722-6300

avc.edu

Victor Valley College

The respiratory therapy program at Victor Valley College requires students to take college-level intermediate algebra, introductory biology or human biology, and introductory chemistry before they can apply to the program. In addition to the application and school transcripts, students must also submit an essay describing their understanding of the respiratory therapist profession and why they chose to enter this field. Applications are due March 15, and students matriculate in September of the same year. At the end of the two-year program, students receive both an associate of science degree and a certificate. (see reference 3)

Victor Valley College

18422 Bear Valley Rd

Victorville, CA 92395

760-245-4271

vvc.edu

San Joaquin Valley College

San Joaquin Valley College offers a respiratory therapy program at its Bakersfield campus. Since San Joaquin Valley College is a private junior college, admission is not as competitive because the cost of tuition is higher. San Joaquin Valley College will send an information packet detailing admission requirements and procedure; applications are not taken online. (see reference 4)

San Joaquin Valley College

Bakersfield Campus

201 New Stine Rd

Bakersfield, CA 93309

sjvc.edu

Tags: Valley College, Joaquin Valley, Joaquin Valley College, Antelope Valley, Antelope Valley College

How Long Does It Take To Recover From Gall Bladder Surgery

The gall bladder is a tiny sac that holds bile secreted from the liver. It releases bile into the small intestines after a meal to metabolize the fat. It's quite possible to live an unaltered life without your gall bladder, as the liver continues to make and secrete bile---it just goes directly into the small intestines. According to gallbladderattack.com, some half million people have their gallbladders removed each year. The recovery time depends not only on the type of surgery you have, but also on your diet and how amenable you are to changing your eating habits.

Types of Surgery

Nearly everyone who has gall bladder surgery will have it done laparoscopically. For this surgery, the surgeon will make three or four small slits in the abdominal area into which various instruments will be inserted, and from which the gall bladder will be removed. In a small percentage of cases---a very diseased gall bladder or liver problems, for instance---an open surgery is performed. During that surgery, the surgeon cuts a 5- to 7-inch opening in the belly and removes the gall bladder.

Physical Recovery

The National Institutes of Health reports that recovery from an open surgery can take 6 to 8 weeks, as the surgeon cuts through muscles. You'll likely spend at least two days in the hospital, where nurses will get you up and walking as soon as they think you're able to do that. You'll go home and have to take it easy, slowly building up your stamina over the next several weeks. Heavy lifting is prohibited for two months.

The recovery from laparoscopic gall bladder removal is much quicker. Most patients are sent home the same day, with a prescription for pain relievers. After a day or two of rest, many people report feeling much better and some return to work. Doctors recommend taking as much as a week off from work, if needed, but there are usually no restrictions after this type of gall bladder removal. If you are taking narcotic painkillers, which may be necessary for 2 or 3 days, you should not drive.

Dietary Recovery

Since bile aids in the digestion of fats, your digestive tract may not tolerate fatty foods as well as it had in the past, and you may experience diarrhea after a high fat meal since the fat will not be well digested and will pass quickly through your intestines. An article at Steady Health suggests that 20 percent of gall bladder removal patients suffer with diarrhea several weeks after surgery. Doctors recommend maintaining a fairly low fat diet, adding fat slowly to see how your body handles it. Some patients have no trouble at all, others adjust more slowly, and some have reported never being able to eat certain foods. This is a case where you'll have to observe your own body's reaction to fats in the diet.

Warnings

There can be complications of gall bladder surgery. If you have a fever of more than 101 degrees, experience increasing nausea or pain, or can see swelling or oozing from your incisions, call your doctor.

Tags: gall bladder, bladder removal, gall bladder, gall bladder removal, bladder liver, Doctors recommend, gall bladder liver

Xray Technician Training In The Bronx

X-ray technicians take diagnostic images of the body.

The Bronx, one of New York City's five boroughs, is home to more than 1.3 million people. The Bronx is located south of Westchester County, and north of Manhattan and Queens. Training for X-ray techs--who take diagnostic images of patients, including CT, MRI and mammography--is available in the Bronx.

Training

There are 213 certificate programs nationwide in radiologic technology, 397 associate degree programs and 35 bachelor's degree programs, as of 2009, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics website. Students learn subjects including medical terminology, medical ethics, anatomy, physiology, radiation mechanisms, protection from radiation and imaging techniques. The median annual salary for this occupation is $52,210 as of May 2008, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

Eugenio María de Hostos Community College

The Eugenio María de Hostos Community College offers a program in radiologic technology, accredited by the New York State Department of Health, the Bureau of Environmental Radiation Protection and The Joint Review Committee on Education. The program lasts six semesters. Those completing the program are qualified to take the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) exam. Graduates earn an Associate in Applied Science degree (AAS).

Bronx Community College

Bronx Community College offers a course in radiologic technology. Students earn an Associate of Applied Science. Program curriculum is accredited by the New York State Department of Health and the Joint Review Committee on Education. Clinical practicum locations include Montefiore Medical Center, Jacobi Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Montefiore North.

Tags: Community College, radiologic technology, York State Department, according Bureau, according Bureau Labor, accredited York

What Are The Prerequisites For An Xray Technician

Training and other prerequisites are required to become an X-ray tech.

Careers in radiology are becoming more appealing in the United States. Working as an X-ray technician is one of the most popular choices amongst radiology professionals. X-ray technicians use imaging technology to take pictures of the inside of a patient's body for the purposes of diagnosing diseases, finding irregularities, or monitoring treatment results. Salaries for radiology technicians can range from $36,000 to $75,000 a year, but to obtain these salaries, certain prerequisites must be met.

High School

A high school student who wishes to enter into the radiology and X-ray technician field of study and work should strive to achieve academic excellence in all subjects. Courses to enroll and excel in are physics, biology, and chemistry as well as mathematics. Since X-ray technicians will be working with a team of doctors as well as hundreds of patients, involvement in extra-curricular activities and school clubs and organizations may be advantageous.

Formal Post Secondary Training

An aspiring X-ray technician has the choice of receiving formal training through a certification program, an associate degree, or a bachelor's degree. The most common path of training is through an associate degree typically lasting around two years. The radiology program chosen must be accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology. During school, students will focus on physiology, anatomy, radiation protection and physics, imaging, medical terminology, patient care, and medical ethics. Instruction will be given not only in the classroom, but also in clinical environments where the student will receive hands on experience with radiologic equipment.

Certification

Every X-ray technician is required by federal regulation to obtain certification. This is done to protect radiologists, doctors, and patients for medical malpractice and excessive exposure to radiation. Each state has its own specific requirements regarding certification, but most recognize exams developed and administered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). To retain this certification, 24 hours of continuing education must be obtained every two years. Those who wish to work in specialized areas of imaging, such as dental or neurological scanning, will have to obtain specialized certification as well.

Personal Qualities and Ethics

X-ray technicians spend most of their time working with sick people. Like all health care providers, they should be patient, compassionate, and have a strong desire to help people. Physical fitness is also relevant as radiologists and technicians must spend many hours on their feet, lift or physically adjust patients, and work on large or heavy machinery throughout the day.

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Requirements To Be A Nail Tech In Utah

Nail technicians in Utah must undergo a training program and take certification tests.

All person who wish to become nail techs in the state of Utah must undergo a training and certification program. Classroom training is accompanied by experience in the field, which will be supervised by instructors. Following the nail technician's apprenticeship program, final examinations must be taken. Once a nail technician completes examinations, they are eligible to be certified as nail technicians in the state of Utah.

Schooling and Training

All nail technicians in the state of Utah are required to attend classes and complete an apprenticeship program. As of December 2010, 375 total hours of training is required for all nail technicians. The training will be a combination of classroom hours (also known as theory) and practical training (the apprenticeship.) All training must be supervised by an instructor who holds a nail technician instructor or

a cosmetology/barber instructor license for the state of Utah, and who gives direct supervision of the nail tech apprentice for the duration of the training.

Application

Every nail technician in the state of Utah is required to complete and submit an application for licensure to the Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing. The application includes name, address, social security number, information about all schools attended, and the results of all theory and practical exams that the student took.

License Fees

Each applicant for a nail technician license in the state of Utah must pay a fee at the time they submit an application to the State of Utah Division of Occupational & Professional Licensing. As of December 2010, the fee is $60.

Tags: nail technician, state Utah, nail technicians, Utah must, apprenticeship program, December 2010

Why Is It Important To Know Your Heart Rate

Your heart rate reveals information about your health.

Knowing your heart rate keeps you informed about your health. A normal resting heart rate for most grown adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. It's important to know if your heart rate is normal because a heart rate that is too high or low could indicate an underlying health issue. It's also good to know what your heart rate is so you can exercise at peak performance rather than not working hard enough or working too hard.

Identification

Determining your heart rate is easy. To find your resting heart rate, simply find your pulse on your aortic artery and count heartbeats for 10 seconds; multiply this number by six. This is also the way to determine your heart when you are exercising. You can also buy heart rate watches and monitors to help you figure out your heart rate.

Considerations

Tachycardia is a condition when the heart rate is faster than normal. Tachycardia is not an immediate danger for most people and may not cause any health complications. However, it can disrupt normal heart functions, increasing the risks of stroke or cause sudden cardiac arrest. Bradycardia is a condition when the heart beats slower than normal. Bradycardia can be dangerous if the heart isn't pumping enough oxygen throughout the body. In some people, bradycardia won't cause complications. Pacemakers can help hearts with slow rates maintain a normal heart rate, according to the Mayo Clinic.

Significance

Knowing your target heart rate during exercise is extremely beneficial. You can measure your fitness level and how your body is responding to exercise with this information. To determine your target heart rate, subtract your age from the number 222. Your maximum heart rate is the total number. For example, this rate is 185 for a 35-year-old. A general rule is to stay within 60 to 85 percent of this number. The same 35-year-old's range falls between 117 and 165.

Warning

Many things can influence your heart rate such as your activity level, the position of your body when you take your heart rate, your emotions, your body size and any medications you may be taking. Be still when you take your heart rate, and alert your physician if you consistently have a heart rate that is above 100 or below 60.

Misconceptions

Not all people will have what is considered a "normal" heart rate. For example, athletes can have a resting heart rate that ranges from 40 to 60 beats per minute. Elderly people generally have higher resting heart rates.

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Radiology Programs At Community Colleges

Many community colleges offer radiology programs.

Radiologic technologists use diagnostic medical imaging equipment to perform examinations on patients. Radiology programs are offered at community colleges across the country, and provide the training and education needed to become certified as a radiologist through the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists and to pursue a career in radiology.

Roane State Community College

Roane State Community College, in Tennessee, offers a degree program where students can obtain an associate of applied science degree in radiologic technology. This is a full-time program that requires students to be in class on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays during the day, and in a clinical setting on Tuesdays and Thursdays during their first year. During their second year, students will work in a clinical site on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and be in class on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Students take such courses as radiographic procedures, exposure technique, radiographic processing, image analysis, human anatomy and radiologic pathology.

Roane State Community College

276 Patton Lane

Huntsville, TN 37756

865-354-3000

roanestate.edu

Spokane Community College

Spokane Community College, in Washington, offers a degree program in radiologic technology that lasts for seven quarters. Students who successfully complete this program will receive an associate of applied science degree in radiologic technology upon graduation. This program is designed to help students become proficient in performing general radiography examinations, as well as surgery, trauma and fluoroscopy examinations. Students take such courses as radiographic positioning, medical terminology, radiographic image evaluation, radiation physics, radiation biology, pharmacology and venipuncture.

Spokane Community College

1810 North Greene Street

Spokane, WA 99217

509-533-7000

spokane.edu

Lansing Community College

Lansing Community College, in Michigan, offers a radiologic technology program that lasts for a total of 21 months across five semesters. Students who successfully complete this program will receive an associate of applied science degree in radiologic technology. Students take such general education core courses as communication, writing, mathematics and science. Students also take classes in human anatomy and physiology, health law and ethics, radiographic positioning, radiobiology, cross-sectional anatomy, imaging and patient care.

Lansing Community College

PO Box 40010

Lansing, MI 48901

517-483-1957

lcc.edu

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How Much Does A Counselor Make Per Year

A counselor's salary varies by specialty and level of education achieved.

The amount of money a counselor makes per year depends on the specialty of the counselor, and the level of education achieved. There is a wide variety of counseling jobs. Some require advanced degrees, such as a Master's degree in counseling or an LPC (Licensed Professional Counselor). Some counselors have degrees from other disciplines, such as social work or sociology. A counselor's job in each field is varied, and so is the pay.

Kinds of Counselors

The federal Occupational Outlook Handbook defines six categories of counselors: substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors; educational, vocational and school counselors; marriage and family therapists; mental health counselors; rehabilitation counselors and other counselors. Each category has a different salary.

Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors

Substance abuse counselors work with people who are recovering from drug and alcohol addiction, and behavioral disorder counselors work with people with a range of behavioral disorders. They can work in mental health agencies, rehab centers, hospitals or any place that treats these kinds of problems. On average, substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors earn $34,000, as of 2008, which means most make between $27,330 and $42,650, but some may earn more than $50,000.

Educational, Vocational and School Counselors

Educational, vocational and school counselors work in educational institutions. They help students and their families with problems, but they also help counsel students through the academic progress, helping them make schedules, chose classes and apply for colleges. The average school counselor makes $47,500 per year. Of the counselor salaries reported in this category, the highest earners made more than $75,000.

Marriage and Family Therapists

Marriage and family therapists work in specialized nonprofit organizations, social service organizations or private practices. The work is exceptionally varied, ranging from helping couples deal with domestic violence to helping children with behavioral disorders, to counseling a family through a death or divorce. Most make between $33,000 and $55,000.

Mental Health Counselors

Mental health counselors help people suffering from a very broad spectrum of mental illnesses. They create treatment plans, help evaluate the effectiveness of medication and counsel people through emotional disorders, addiction, stress and even suicide attempts. For their services, most are paid between $27,000 and $45,000. The highest paying salaries come from hospitals and government agencies.

Rehabilitation Counselors

Rehabilitation counselors assess people with disabilities or injuries to determine what or how much functioning they have, and help the individual find a job or relearn skills needed at home. These counselors work with the client and the client's family, employer, school or residential facility to help the client's transition and be successful at using vocational and life skills. Most make between $23,000 and $39,000. Residential care facilities pay the least, while hospitals and government agencies pay the highest.

The Highest Wages

The highest wages overall, in any group, were the counselors who either worked for the government, had their own practices or participated in a group counseling practice.

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