A pap smear is a test done by a gynecologist to look for cell changes on the cervix. Pap smears should be done once a year for the first three years and then every three years unless there is an abnormal pap smear. Follow the physician's directions for when to have follow-up pap smears done.
Atypical Squamous Cells
Atypical squamous cells is a type of abnormal pap smear that is showing a cell change that is not precancerous. If the pap smear shows this result, the physician will often wait to repeat the test at a later date because it may be due to an irritation of the cells that will resolve on its own.
Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
This type of abnormal pap smear, also known as LGSIL, is caused by an infection or a minor injury. The low-grade abnormal pap smear means the cells are slightly abnormal with a small portion of the cervix affected. A biopsy is done to examine a tissue sample to check for cancerous changes. This change in the cells usually needs no treatment, as it resolves on its own.
High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, also known as GHSIL, signifies the cervical cells are extremely abnormal with much of the cervix being affected. The diagnosis of GHSIL does not signal cancerous changes to the cervical cells, but precancerous changes could occur in the future. A biopsy is typically done to examine the tissue for changes. It can be treated by freezing the abnormal tissue.
Atypical Glandular Cells
With this type of abnormal pap smear, also known as AGC, the cells inside of the cervix are abnormal and may have come from the uterus, ovaries or fallopian tubes. The AGC diagnosis is typically followed by a biopsy, HPV testing and a biopsy of the lining of the uterus. This change signals a precancerous or cancerous abnormality.
Risk Factors
There are factors that could increase the risk of having an abnormal pap smear. The biggest risk factor is the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are usually no symptoms of HPV infection. If the HPV infection does not resolve on its own, there is an increased risk of HPV developing into cervical cancer. Other risk factors for abnormal pap smears include smoking cigarettes, having multiple sexual partners, taking birth control pills and having a weakened immune system.
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