Genetic testing
identifies abnormalities in chromosomes, genes and gene products, and can determine the tendency to inherit certain diseases. It can confirm or rule out a possible genetic condition and determine the probability of passing on a genetic disorder to offspring. Genetic testing also uses specific markers to determine a child's paternity (biological father). Except in the case of prenatal screening, physical risks of the actual testing are virtually non-existent. However, the psychological risks can be profound.
Prenatal Testing
Prenatal testing using amniocentesis is offered to pregnant women who have an increased risk of carrying a baby with a genetic or other congenital disorder. Because these are invasive tests requiring a sample of fluid or tissue from around the fetus, a risk between one in 300 and one in 500 of miscarriage exists, according to the Mayo Clinic. Other rare effects include a uterine infection, or amniotic fluid leaks, which can cause orthopedic abnormalities in the baby.
Psychological Effects
When genetic testing determines that a person is likely or certain to develop a serious disease for which treatment is limited, the individual may become anxious and depressed, and even begin engaging in unhealthy behavior. However, a study published by Harvard scientists and cited by the Mayo Clinic found that participants who learned they were likely to develop Alzheimer's disease did not appear to have more anxiety or depression than those who did not have this information.
Preventive Surgery
In some genetic tests, a disease associated genetic abnormality may be found, but the person still may never develop the disease. The individual may, however, want preventive measures, which are serious medical procedures, such as having breasts and ovaries removed to prevent cancer. These extreme measures have their own risks, and the procedure is controversial. Some physicians refuse to perform this type of preventive surgery, advocating close monitoring instead. However, more frequent mammograms involve more radiation, and the risks of this have not been determined.
Family Considerations
Family relationships can be affected by genetic testing. Someone who does not want testing may be pressured by other family members to do so. If one family member is diagnosed with a disease associated abnormality but other members are clear, the finding can strain relationships. Additionally, unexpected paternity results can lead to serious consequences.
Insurance Considerations
When a person applies for health or life insurance, the insurance company typically asks to review medical records, and medical records usually include results of genetic testing. Genetic abnormalities may result in coverage denial for a preexisting condition. If the information is excluded from the medical records but the person requires frequent examinations or blood testing, those visits may be a red flag for the insurance company. Also, the company may deny coverage of future related health issues if it is discovered the patient was aware of the genetic abnormality but did not disclose this to the insurance provider.
Tags: medical records, disease associated, genetic abnormality, genetic testing, Genetic testing
