A female's internal reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina and the uterus. Any disruption in the delicate functioning of these organs can result in menstrual abnormalities and problems with fertility. When reproductive health problems are suspected, an endometrial biopsy can be useful in helping to pinpoint the cause.
Endometrial Biopsy
During an endometrial biopsy, the gynecologist dilates the cervix and uses a sterile instrument to remove a tiny sample of endometrium (uterine lining), which will later be examined under a microscope. The sample can be removed in several ways, including suction and jet irrigation. Sometimes the uterine lining is removed with a sharp tool known as a curette. Most endometrial biopsies are performed in the gynecologist's office and usually last for about 10 minutes.
Heavy Bleeding
Heavy vaginal bleeding is referred to as menorrhagia, which can be caused by a number of reasons, including fibroids and polyps. Endometrial biopsies are often performed to help determine if the heavy bleeding is being caused by growths in the uterus or if the woman is experiencing true menorrhagia, which is usually hormonal-related.
Amenorrhea
Just as too much bleeding can be a matter of concern, too little may also be a problem. According to Miami Valley Hospital, the absence of vaginal bleeding (amenorrhea) may prompt a gynecologist to perform an endometrial biopsy. The absence of a period may be indicative of infertility or irregularities within the uterus.
Hormonal Imbalances
Unhealthy levels of progesterone or estrogen can lead to irregular periods and infertility. Such hormonal imbalances can also cause endometrial thickening, which can lead to abnormal growths in the uterus. Merck explains that hormonal imbalances can also result in health complications such as high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity. Blood tests can detect hormone irregularities that can be confirmed with diagnostic testing, which usually includes an endometrial biopsy.
Cancer
A suspicious pap smear accompanied by unusual bleeding is the first sign of endometrial cancer, which can be effectively treated if a physician is able to catch it in the early stages. According to Family Doctor.org, women over the age of 50 are very susceptible to endometrial cancer, and the endometrial biopsy can determine if cancer cells or precancerous cells are present inside the endometrial tissue.
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