All forms of cancer have the ability to metastasize to other areas of the body. The three most common areas for metastatic disease are the lungs, liver and spine. Metastatic disease will depend on the site of the primary cancer, the size of the primary tumor or tumors, and the stage of the disease. The location of the metastasized cancer will determine the complications and course of the disease.
Identification
Metastatic disease is often diagnosed before symptoms occur. Imaging such as CT scans, MRIs, PET scans and X-rays are procedures commonly used to monitor the primary cancer. These images often show the spread of the cancer to other areas of the body. Certain laboratory blood testing can show that the cancer may have metastasized. These tools are important in detecting metastatic disease. Knowing about the spread early can help with treatment decisions and avoid certain complications.
Symptoms
According to the American Cancer Society, the signs and symptoms of metastatic or advanced cancer are a decrease in energy and feeling tired or weak. The patient's energy level can fall so low that it is hard to complete everyday tasks. Another sign is unexplained weight loss. Many patients may experience pain especially with metastases to the bones or spine. Shortness of breath can mean the cancer may have spread to the lungs.
Effects
Complications of metastatic disease will depend on the area of the body. Lung metastases complications may cause the patient to have shortness of breath. Complications from metastatic bone cancer are fractures. The bones become weak. Fractures occur most often in the legs, near the hips. If cancer has spread to the small or large intestine, bowel obstructions may occur. Confusion can occur with different areas of metastases, especially brain or liver. Constipation is common with most advanced cancers due to medicines, diet changes and decrease in activity. Fatigue is common in nearly all metastatic disease. Nausea and vomiting can occur from treatments or the disease. Most patients with metastatic disease will experience pain, weight loss and poor eating habits.
Treatment
Metastatic disease is not likely to be cured. However, treatments are available. Treatment is usually aimed at making the patient more comfortable, extending life and relieving symptoms. Treatment options will depend on the type of metastases. Surgery can be used if it will help decrease pain, stop bleeding, relieve symptoms or to help prevent bone breakage. Radiation and chemotherapy are often used to help with pain and manage symptoms. Clinical trials are available if certain criteria are met.
Considerations
Prognosis for metastatic disease ranges greatly. The prognosis will largely depend on the area of metastases and the stage of the cancer. Pancreatic, lung and liver metastases generally have shorter survival times than breast or prostate type metastases. Patients with the most common area of metastases to the bone usually survive between 6 to 48 months. New advancements and medical technology are allowing patients with certain cancers that have metastasized to live longer, with a greater quality of life.
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